Respiratory Diseases

Question 1

What are the 3 enzootic bacterial “Category A” Agents?

Answer 1

Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis

Question 2

What is so dangerous about the Category A agents?

Answer 2

Aerosol potential makes them potential bioweapons.

Question 3

What are 3 main species affected by Francisella tularensis?

Answer 3

Humans
Domestic cats
Sheep

Question 4

What animals are the long-term reservoir of Francisella tularensis? (2 things)

Answer 4

Rodents and lagamorphs

Question 5

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted? (3 points)

Answer 5

Sheep: tick-borne
Cats: eating infected rodents
Humans: ticks or direct contact with animals/carcasses

Question 6

What is the primary cycle of Yersinia pestis?

Answer 6

Rodent - flea - rodent

Question 7

What is the vetor of Yersinia pestis?

Answer 7

Xenopsylla cheopis

Question 8

What domestic animal is susceptible to Yersinia pestis?

Answer 8

Cats

Question 9

How do people contract Yersinia pestis? (3 ways)

Answer 9

Flea bite
Aerosol
Directly from infected animal blood or abscesses

Question 10

What are the clinical signs of plague and tularemia in cats?

Answer 10

Fever, lethargy, anorexia, sepsis

Lymphadenopathy

Question 11

Are the signs of plague and tularemia similar in cats and people?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What must we remember when treating cats affected with either plague or tularemia?

Answer 12

L.N. aspirates are highly infection, use PPE and isolate

Question 13

What must veterinarians be careful of with regards to Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 13

Aerosol or percutaneous exposure to blood from infected animals = BAD!

Question 14

What happens in most cases of anthrax?

Answer 14

Spores enter host and germinate causing sepsis, endotoxins create massive edema, shock, and death (DIC)

Question 15

What species are the reservoir for Hantavirus?

Answer 15

Rodents (typically asymptomatic)

Question 16

What is the distribution of Hantavirus?

Answer 16

Worldwide

Question 17

How is Hantavirus transmitted usually?

Answer 17

Primarily aerosol via inhalation of viruses in urine or feces.

Question 18

What is the secondary route of transmission for Hantavirus?

Answer 18

Via bite

Question 19

What are the clinical signs in people of New World Hantavirus?

Answer 19

Fever, chills, myalgia, headache, increased vascular permeability in the lungs

Question 20

What is the frequency of fatality of New World hantavirus?

Answer 20

~40%

Question 21

What are the clinical symptoms of Old World Hantavirus?

Answer 21

Petichial hemorrhage, renal damage, cardiovascular shock.

Question 22

What is the frequency of fatality of Old World Hantavirus?

Answer 22

~15%

Question 23

What is a major risk factor for contracting hantavirus?

Answer 23

Rodent contact

Question 24

How can risk of hantavirus be reduced?

Answer 24

Reduce human exposure

Question 25

What are pulmonary fungal infections?

Answer 25

Infections from spores that are aerosolized or inhaled.

Question 26

What are the two major soil fungi that cause pulmonary infection?

Answer 26

Blastomyces and Coccidiodes

Question 27

What are two common species that can be reservoirs for fungal infections?

Answer 27

Birds | Bats

Question 28

What are two common fungi contracted from soil or bedding/feces of birds and bats?

Answer 28

Histoplasma | Cryptococcus

Question 29

Why are humans, dogs and cats infected with pulomonary fungal spores not infectious?

Answer 29

Their body temp is too high for sporulation.

Question 30

What do you see in acute pulmonary fungal infections?

Answer 30

Extensive inflammation, high fever, night sweats, radiographic masses

Question 31

What is the cause of chronic infection and spread of pulmonary fungal infections?

Answer 31

Failed immune system

Question 32

What is the reservoir of Coccidioides immitis?

Answer 32

Soil

Question 33

Where does Coccidioides immitits amplify?

Answer 33

People, dogs, cats, horses, cattle

Question 34

Where is Histoplasmosis found?

Answer 34

In soil or building with bird or bat feces

Question 35

What species does Histoplasmosis affect? (3 species)

Answer 35

People Dogs Cats

Question 36

How many infected with Histoplasma are asymptomatic?

Answer 36

~90%

Question 37

Where is Blastomyces found?

Answer 37

Soil

Question 38

What species can Blastomyces affect?

Answer 38

People, dogs, cats, horses, etc...

Question 39

What proportion of people infected with Blastomyces can by asymptomatic?

Answer 39

>50%

Question 40

What species does Influenza A infect? (4 things)

Answer 40

Birds, swine, horses, and dogs

Question 41

What species does Influenza B infect? (2 things)

Answer 41

Humans and seals

Question 42

Which Influenza type is rare?

Answer 42

Type C

Question 43

What are the reservoirs for Influenza?

Answer 43

Birds | Swine

Question 44

What species is considered a viral mixing vessel?

Answer 44

Swine b/c they are susceptible to both human and avian strains

Question 45

How is influenza transmitted between people? (2 ways)

Answer 45

Direct | Indirect (contaminated surfaces)

Question 46

How is influenza transmitted among pigs? (2 ways)

Answer 46

Direct | Aerosolization

Question 47

How is influenza transmitted between wild birds? (3 ways)

Answer 47

Fecal-oral Saliva Nasal Secretions

Question 48

How is influenza transmitted in poultry? (4 ways)

Answer 48

Direct Contaminated surfaces Feed and water Aerosol

Question 49

How is influenza transmitted from animals to humans? (3 ways)

Answer 49

Contaminated surfaces Manure handling Dust

Question 50

How do you treat animals affected by the flu?

Answer 50

Supportive care

Question 51

How do you control influenza?

Answer 51

Contact state vet in suspect cases Wear proper PPE (N-95 respirator etc.) Test and isolate

Question 52

How do you prevent influenza?

Answer 52

Educate owners | Vaccines

Question 53

What causes Q-fever?

Answer 53

Coxiella burnetti

Question 54

What species are infected by Q-fever? (6 things)

Answer 54

``` Sheep Cattle Goats Birds Dogs Cats ```

Question 55

How is Q-fever transmitted? (5 things)

Answer 55

Windborne in dust Exposure to parturient cats Shed in birth products (especially sheep) and milk Tick borne **Lower shedding in feces and urine

Question 56

What are the clinical signs of Q-fever in people?

Answer 56

Fever, malaise, chills, sweats, headache

Question 57

What are the clinical signs of Q-fever in cattle, sheep and goats?

Answer 57

Anorexia, abortion

Question 58

How is Q-fever controlled? (3 things)

Answer 58

Vaccinate livestock Biosecurity Segregate parturient animals and burn reproductive discharges

Question 59

What type of birds does Chlamydia most often affect?

Answer 59

Psittacines (parrots) | Domestic poultry

Question 60

How is Chlamydophilia psitacci transmitted in birds?

Answer 60

Fecal-oral

Question 61

How is Chlamydophilia psitacci transmitted to people?

Answer 61

Direct handling of infected birds

Question 62

What are the clinical signs of Psitacosis in people?

Answer 62

Headahce, myalgia, cough, shortness of breath, photophobia

Question 63

What are 5 complications of Pstiacosis in humans?

Answer 63

``` Hepatitis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Nephritis ```

Question 64

What can avian chlamydiosis cause in psittacine birds?

Answer 64

Morbidity and mortality

Question 65

How can Chlamydophylia be controlled? (3 things)

Answer 65

Counsel bird owners on signs Considder this in any sick birds with lethargy and non-specific signs Biosafety measures when handling sick birds.