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Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology > Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 enzootic bacterial “Category A” Agents?

A

Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis

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2
Q

What is so dangerous about the Category A agents?

A

Aerosol potential makes them potential bioweapons.

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3
Q

What are 3 main species affected by Francisella tularensis?

A

Humans
Domestic cats
Sheep

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4
Q

What animals are the long-term reservoir of Francisella tularensis? (2 things)

A

Rodents and lagamorphs

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5
Q

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted? (3 points)

A

Sheep: tick-borne
Cats: eating infected rodents
Humans: ticks or direct contact with animals/carcasses

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6
Q

What is the primary cycle of Yersinia pestis?

A

Rodent - flea - rodent

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7
Q

What is the vetor of Yersinia pestis?

A

Xenopsylla cheopis

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8
Q

What domestic animal is susceptible to Yersinia pestis?

A

Cats

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9
Q

How do people contract Yersinia pestis? (3 ways)

A

Flea bite
Aerosol
Directly from infected animal blood or abscesses

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of plague and tularemia in cats?

A

Fever, lethargy, anorexia, sepsis

Lymphadenopathy

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11
Q

Are the signs of plague and tularemia similar in cats and people?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What must we remember when treating cats affected with either plague or tularemia?

A

L.N. aspirates are highly infection, use PPE and isolate

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13
Q

What must veterinarians be careful of with regards to Bacillus anthracis?

A

Aerosol or percutaneous exposure to blood from infected animals = BAD!

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14
Q

What happens in most cases of anthrax?

A

Spores enter host and germinate causing sepsis, endotoxins create massive edema, shock, and death (DIC)

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15
Q

What species are the reservoir for Hantavirus?

A

Rodents (typically asymptomatic)

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16
Q

What is the distribution of Hantavirus?

A

Worldwide

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17
Q

How is Hantavirus transmitted usually?

A

Primarily aerosol via inhalation of viruses in urine or feces.

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18
Q

What is the secondary route of transmission for Hantavirus?

A

Via bite

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs in people of New World Hantavirus?

A

Fever, chills, myalgia, headache, increased vascular permeability in the lungs

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20
Q

What is the frequency of fatality of New World hantavirus?

A

~40%

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21
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Old World Hantavirus?

A

Petichial hemorrhage, renal damage, cardiovascular shock.

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22
Q

What is the frequency of fatality of Old World Hantavirus?

A

~15%

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23
Q

What is a major risk factor for contracting hantavirus?

A

Rodent contact

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24
Q

How can risk of hantavirus be reduced?

A

Reduce human exposure

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25
Q

What are pulmonary fungal infections?

A

Infections from spores that are aerosolized or inhaled.

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26
Q

What are the two major soil fungi that cause pulmonary infection?

A

Blastomyces and Coccidiodes

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27
Q

What are two common species that can be reservoirs for fungal infections?

A

Birds

Bats

28
Q

What are two common fungi contracted from soil or bedding/feces of birds and bats?

A

Histoplasma

Cryptococcus

29
Q

Why are humans, dogs and cats infected with pulomonary fungal spores not infectious?

A

Their body temp is too high for sporulation.

30
Q

What do you see in acute pulmonary fungal infections?

A

Extensive inflammation, high fever, night sweats, radiographic masses

31
Q

What is the cause of chronic infection and spread of pulmonary fungal infections?

A

Failed immune system

32
Q

What is the reservoir of Coccidioides immitis?

A

Soil

33
Q

Where does Coccidioides immitits amplify?

A

People, dogs, cats, horses, cattle

34
Q

Where is Histoplasmosis found?

A

In soil or building with bird or bat feces

35
Q

What species does Histoplasmosis affect? (3 species)

A

People
Dogs
Cats

36
Q

How many infected with Histoplasma are asymptomatic?

A

~90%

37
Q

Where is Blastomyces found?

A

Soil

38
Q

What species can Blastomyces affect?

A

People, dogs, cats, horses, etc…

39
Q

What proportion of people infected with Blastomyces can by asymptomatic?

A

> 50%

40
Q

What species does Influenza A infect? (4 things)

A

Birds, swine, horses, and dogs

41
Q

What species does Influenza B infect? (2 things)

A

Humans and seals

42
Q

Which Influenza type is rare?

A

Type C

43
Q

What are the reservoirs for Influenza?

A

Birds

Swine

44
Q

What species is considered a viral mixing vessel?

A

Swine b/c they are susceptible to both human and avian strains

45
Q

How is influenza transmitted between people? (2 ways)

A

Direct

Indirect (contaminated surfaces)

46
Q

How is influenza transmitted among pigs? (2 ways)

A

Direct

Aerosolization

47
Q

How is influenza transmitted between wild birds? (3 ways)

A

Fecal-oral
Saliva
Nasal Secretions

48
Q

How is influenza transmitted in poultry? (4 ways)

A

Direct
Contaminated surfaces
Feed and water
Aerosol

49
Q

How is influenza transmitted from animals to humans? (3 ways)

A

Contaminated surfaces
Manure handling
Dust

50
Q

How do you treat animals affected by the flu?

A

Supportive care

51
Q

How do you control influenza?

A

Contact state vet in suspect cases
Wear proper PPE (N-95 respirator etc.)
Test and isolate

52
Q

How do you prevent influenza?

A

Educate owners

Vaccines

53
Q

What causes Q-fever?

A

Coxiella burnetti

54
Q

What species are infected by Q-fever? (6 things)

A 
Sheep
Cattle
Goats
Birds
Dogs
Cats
55
Q

How is Q-fever transmitted? (5 things)

A

Windborne in dust
Exposure to parturient cats
Shed in birth products (especially sheep) and milk
Tick borne

**Lower shedding in feces and urine

56
Q

What are the clinical signs of Q-fever in people?

A

Fever, malaise, chills, sweats, headache

57
Q

What are the clinical signs of Q-fever in cattle, sheep and goats?

A

Anorexia, abortion

58
Q

How is Q-fever controlled? (3 things)

A

Vaccinate livestock
Biosecurity
Segregate parturient animals and burn reproductive discharges

59
Q

What type of birds does Chlamydia most often affect?

A

Psittacines (parrots)

Domestic poultry

60
Q

How is Chlamydophilia psitacci transmitted in birds?

A

Fecal-oral

61
Q

How is Chlamydophilia psitacci transmitted to people?

A

Direct handling of infected birds

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of Psitacosis in people?

A

Headahce, myalgia, cough, shortness of breath, photophobia

63
Q

What are 5 complications of Pstiacosis in humans?

A 
Hepatitis
Endocarditis
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Nephritis
64
Q

What can avian chlamydiosis cause in psittacine birds?

A

Morbidity and mortality

65
Q

How can Chlamydophylia be controlled? (3 things)

A

Counsel bird owners on signs
Considder this in any sick birds with lethargy and non-specific signs
Biosafety measures when handling sick birds.

Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology (15 decks)

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