Respiratory Diseases Flashcards
What are the 3 enzootic bacterial “Category A” Agents?
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis
What is so dangerous about the Category A agents?
Aerosol potential makes them potential bioweapons.
What are 3 main species affected by Francisella tularensis?
Humans
Domestic cats
Sheep
What animals are the long-term reservoir of Francisella tularensis? (2 things)
Rodents and lagamorphs
How is Francisella tularensis transmitted? (3 points)
Sheep: tick-borne
Cats: eating infected rodents
Humans: ticks or direct contact with animals/carcasses
What is the primary cycle of Yersinia pestis?
Rodent - flea - rodent
What is the vetor of Yersinia pestis?
Xenopsylla cheopis
What domestic animal is susceptible to Yersinia pestis?
Cats
How do people contract Yersinia pestis? (3 ways)
Flea bite
Aerosol
Directly from infected animal blood or abscesses
What are the clinical signs of plague and tularemia in cats?
Fever, lethargy, anorexia, sepsis
Lymphadenopathy
Are the signs of plague and tularemia similar in cats and people?
Yes
What must we remember when treating cats affected with either plague or tularemia?
L.N. aspirates are highly infection, use PPE and isolate
What must veterinarians be careful of with regards to Bacillus anthracis?
Aerosol or percutaneous exposure to blood from infected animals = BAD!
What happens in most cases of anthrax?
Spores enter host and germinate causing sepsis, endotoxins create massive edema, shock, and death (DIC)
What species are the reservoir for Hantavirus?
Rodents (typically asymptomatic)
What is the distribution of Hantavirus?
Worldwide
How is Hantavirus transmitted usually?
Primarily aerosol via inhalation of viruses in urine or feces.
What is the secondary route of transmission for Hantavirus?
Via bite
What are the clinical signs in people of New World Hantavirus?
Fever, chills, myalgia, headache, increased vascular permeability in the lungs
What is the frequency of fatality of New World hantavirus?
~40%
What are the clinical symptoms of Old World Hantavirus?
Petichial hemorrhage, renal damage, cardiovascular shock.
What is the frequency of fatality of Old World Hantavirus?
~15%
What is a major risk factor for contracting hantavirus?
Rodent contact
How can risk of hantavirus be reduced?
Reduce human exposure
What are pulmonary fungal infections?
Infections from spores that are aerosolized or inhaled.
What are the two major soil fungi that cause pulmonary infection?
Blastomyces and Coccidiodes
What are two common species that can be reservoirs for fungal infections?
Birds
Bats
What are two common fungi contracted from soil or bedding/feces of birds and bats?
Histoplasma
Cryptococcus
Why are humans, dogs and cats infected with pulomonary fungal spores not infectious?
Their body temp is too high for sporulation.
What do you see in acute pulmonary fungal infections?
Extensive inflammation, high fever, night sweats, radiographic masses
What is the cause of chronic infection and spread of pulmonary fungal infections?
Failed immune system
What is the reservoir of Coccidioides immitis?
Soil
Where does Coccidioides immitits amplify?
People, dogs, cats, horses, cattle
Where is Histoplasmosis found?
In soil or building with bird or bat feces
What species does Histoplasmosis affect? (3 species)
People
Dogs
Cats
How many infected with Histoplasma are asymptomatic?
~90%
Where is Blastomyces found?
Soil
What species can Blastomyces affect?
People, dogs, cats, horses, etc…
What proportion of people infected with Blastomyces can by asymptomatic?
> 50%
What species does Influenza A infect? (4 things)
Birds, swine, horses, and dogs
What species does Influenza B infect? (2 things)
Humans and seals
Which Influenza type is rare?
Type C
What are the reservoirs for Influenza?
Birds
Swine
What species is considered a viral mixing vessel?
Swine b/c they are susceptible to both human and avian strains
How is influenza transmitted between people? (2 ways)
Direct
Indirect (contaminated surfaces)
How is influenza transmitted among pigs? (2 ways)
Direct
Aerosolization
How is influenza transmitted between wild birds? (3 ways)
Fecal-oral
Saliva
Nasal Secretions
How is influenza transmitted in poultry? (4 ways)
Direct
Contaminated surfaces
Feed and water
Aerosol
How is influenza transmitted from animals to humans? (3 ways)
Contaminated surfaces
Manure handling
Dust
How do you treat animals affected by the flu?
Supportive care
How do you control influenza?
Contact state vet in suspect cases
Wear proper PPE (N-95 respirator etc.)
Test and isolate
How do you prevent influenza?
Educate owners
Vaccines
What causes Q-fever?
Coxiella burnetti
What species are infected by Q-fever? (6 things)
Sheep Cattle Goats Birds Dogs Cats
How is Q-fever transmitted? (5 things)
Windborne in dust
Exposure to parturient cats
Shed in birth products (especially sheep) and milk
Tick borne
**Lower shedding in feces and urine
What are the clinical signs of Q-fever in people?
Fever, malaise, chills, sweats, headache
What are the clinical signs of Q-fever in cattle, sheep and goats?
Anorexia, abortion
How is Q-fever controlled? (3 things)
Vaccinate livestock
Biosecurity
Segregate parturient animals and burn reproductive discharges
What type of birds does Chlamydia most often affect?
Psittacines (parrots)
Domestic poultry
How is Chlamydophilia psitacci transmitted in birds?
Fecal-oral
How is Chlamydophilia psitacci transmitted to people?
Direct handling of infected birds
What are the clinical signs of Psitacosis in people?
Headahce, myalgia, cough, shortness of breath, photophobia
What are 5 complications of Pstiacosis in humans?
Hepatitis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Nephritis
What can avian chlamydiosis cause in psittacine birds?
Morbidity and mortality
How can Chlamydophylia be controlled? (3 things)
Counsel bird owners on signs
Considder this in any sick birds with lethargy and non-specific signs
Biosafety measures when handling sick birds.
