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RUSVM Epi Summer 17 > Zoonoses: Aerosol/Respiratory > Flashcards

Zoonoses: Aerosol/Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What makes a bacterial pathogen fit into the “Category A” agents?

A

These all have MULTIPLE routes of infection. Their aerosol potential makes them BIOWEAPONS but veterinary risks are more diverse and include necropsy and tx of animals

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2
Q

What bacterial pathogens are category A agents?

A

Bacillus anthracis
Yersina pestis
Francisella tularensis

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3
Q

What domestic animal are humans most likely to get Tularemia from?

A

CATS

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4
Q

Who are the long term reservoirs of F. tularensis?

A

Rodents and lagomorphs

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5
Q

What are the routes of transmission of F. tularensis?

A

Tickborne (common in sheep)
Ingestion (cats ingesting infected rodents)
People - most often get it from ticks or direct contact with animals/carcasses; aerosol exposure is less common

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6
Q

What animals serve as the bridge for Yersina pestis between wildlife and human population ?

A

Infected domestic animals - often cats

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7
Q

What animals/vectors are involved in the primary cycle of Y. pestis?

A

Rodent-flea-rodent

31 species of flea are competent vectors

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8
Q

How can people be infected with Y. pestis?

A

flea bite
aerosol from pneumonic cases
Directly from infected animal blood or abscesses

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9
Q

What clinical signs will you see in cats with either plague or tularemia?

A

local infection followed by sepsis –> endotoxemia–> pneumonia

Lymphadenopathy of draining LN (often in cervical region), fever, lethargy, anorexia, sepsis

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10
Q

What symptoms will you see in humans with tularemia or plague?

A

*plague eschars - areas of bacteria entry - necrosis

Both: high fever and high fatality in pneumonia and septic cases
Circulatory collapse with blackened extremities

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11
Q

What cautions should be taken when dealing with a potentially infected cat?

A

Lymphnode aspirates are highly infections - wear proper PPE
Isolation for the animal
PPE for the vet and staff at during any encounter with the animal: gloves, mask, +/- mucous membrane protection

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12
Q

How long can Bacillus anthracis survive in soil? Why?

A

it is a spore forming bacterium that can survive in the soil under good conditions for years

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13
Q

How do herbivores and carnivores get anthrax?

A

Herbivores ingest spores in the soil while grazing

Carnivores eat infected herbivores

*all species: inhalation of spores in aerosolized soil or other contaminated fomites

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14
Q

What are the most common way veterinarians could get anthrax?

A

Aerosol or percutaneous exposure to blood from infected animals

**most veterinary cases are seen in cattle **

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15
Q

What process do anthrax spores undergo when they enter the bloodstream?

A

They germinate –> cause sepsis

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16
Q

In cattle infected with anthraz, death will often follow what syndrome? How can you tell?

A

DIC

The carcass will have un-clotted blood seeping from the orifices

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17
Q

Which of the following are PM signs of anthrax in cattle? (more than one may apply)

  1. blood not clotted
  2. spores in blood on microscopy
  3. rabid bloating
  4. lack of rigor mortis
  5. blood from orifices
A

ALL OF THEM

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18
Q

Who is the reservoir of Hantavirus?

A

rodents

*typically sylvatic but can also infect some pet rodents

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19
Q

How do rodents shed hantavirus?

A

saliva, urine, feces

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20
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission of Hantavirus?

A

Primarily aerosol
*inhalation of viruses in urine or feces

Transmission can be direct or indirect - secondary transmission through bite

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21
Q

What determines the severity of dz due to Hantavirus?

A

The species of virus

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22
Q

What is the “new world” disease caused by Hantavirus?

A

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
*USA strains of the virus

Starts as fever, chills, myalagia, headache.. increased vascular permeability in the lungs

*fatal in 40% of human cases

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23
Q

What is the “old world” disease caused by Hantavirus?

A

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal syndrome (HFRS)

Petechial hemorrhage, renal damage, and cardiovascular shock

*fatal in up to 15% of cases

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24
Q

What are the risk factors to contracting Hantavirus?

A

Human-rodent contact

  • increased rodent density
  • rodents living in barns or buildings
  • people who work with rodents or rodent habitats
25
Q

How do you prevent contracting Hantavirus?

A

Reduce human exposure. Wear proper PPE when dealing with rodents or their habitats (face mask and gloves)

26
Q

How are humans exposed to fungal pulmonary infections?

A

Infections from spores in the environment become aerosolized and are inhaled

27
Q

What are two saprophytic soil fungi that have the potential to cause fungal pulmonary infections in humans?

A

Blastomyces and Coddidiodes

*birds and bats can be reservoirs - fecal excretion = soil contamination

28
Q

What are two opportunistic fungi that can cause fungal pulmonary infections in humans?

A

Histoplasma and Cryptococcus

Spores in soil or in bird bedding/feces

29
Q

Are humans and animals with fungal pulmonary infections infectious?

A

NO

The body temperature is too high for sporulation of these fungi

*could be a risk post mortem potentially

30
Q

What symptoms are seen in a patient with an acute fungal pulmonary infection?

A

Often pneumonia like - due to inflammation
High fever, night sweats, enlarged pulmonary LN, Radiographic masses

**if the immune system fails - disseminated infection can occur and spread to other organs

31
Q

What is the reservoir of Coccidioides immitis?

A

SOIL

32
Q

Where does Coccidioides immitis amplify?

A

People, dogs, cats, horses, etc

*deceased animals may spread fungus to new areas of soil

33
Q

Where is histoplasmosis found?

A

In soil or buildings with bird feces or bat guano present

*increased risk for pigeon handlers and farmers using chicken feces for manure

34
Q

Who does histoplasmosis affect and what percentage of those infected are symptomatic?

A

people, dogs, cats

~10 % will be symptomatic

35
Q

Blastomycers dermatitidis is a ______ fungus that is associated with the feces of _______ and ________

A

soil
birds
bats

*affects people, dogs, cats, horses, etc etc

36
Q

What family is the zoonotic influenza virus a part of, and what are other names for it?

A

Family: Orthomyxoviridae

avian flu, bird flu, foul plague, swine flu, canine flu, etc

37
Q

How many distinct types of zoonotic influenza are there? How are they categorized?

A

3 distinct types: A, B, C

Influenza A antigens: have haemaglutinin and Neuraminidase surface glycoproteins

38
Q

What species are affected by Influenza A antigens?

A

Birds, swine, horses, and dogs mainly

39
Q

Animal to human transmission of influenza is only documented for ______ and ________ (what animals?)

A

Birds and swine

40
Q

T/F: Influenza C is quite common

A

FALSE

it is rare

41
Q

Who gets infected with influenza B?

A

Humans and seals

human morbidity is documented each year

42
Q

Swine are considered a _____ vessel, because they are susceptible to both the ____ strain of influenza and the ________ strain of influenza

A

Viral Mixing Vessel

Human and Avian strains

43
Q

What are the modes of transmission of zoonotic influenza?

A

Between people: direct and indirect (contaminated surfaces)

Swine: direct and aerosolization

Wild birds: Fecal oral, saliva, nasal secretions

Poultry: direct, contaminated surfaces, feed, water, and aerosol

Animals - human: contaminated surfaces, manure handling, dust

44
Q

What clinical signs are seen in birds and swine with influenza?

A

Avian: mostly low pathogenic strains: Upper respiratory and repro organs are affected. High pathogenic stains - lead to high mortality and sudden death; lethargy, facial edema, cough

Swine: fever, coughing, nasal dc, repro problems. Morbidity 100% but low mortality.
*mortality increased with secondary infections

45
Q

What symptoms are seen in humans with influenza infection?

A

Fever, myalagia, headache, malaise, sore throat, cough

*age and immune-compromised factors will increase severity

46
Q

Are antiviral medications used in birds or swine with influenza?

A

NO

fear of resistance

*only humans will get antivirals

47
Q

What are some methods of control and prevention of influenza?

A

*Contact state vet in suspect or positive cases of avian influenza
*Wear appropriate PPE
Test and isolate sick animals
*Educate owners
*Annual seasonal vaccines for vets and at risk groups like farm workers
*Vaccination of livestock and poultry

48
Q

What people are most at risk for contracting Q fever?

A

Slaughterhouse personnel
vets
(especially people working with pregnant sheep)

49
Q

What are the two morphological forms of C. burnetti?

A

Large and bacilliform

small density form (spore like)

50
Q

What are the modes of transmission of C. burnetti?

A 
Windborne in dust
exposure to parturient cats
Shed in birth products - especially sheep
shed in milk
Lower shedding in urine and feces
*tick borne - mainly animal to animal
51
Q

What symptoms will you see in a person with Q fever?

A

Fever, malaise, chills, sweats, headache

52
Q

What clinical signs will you see in cattle/sheep/goats with C. burnetti?

A

Anorexia and abortion

53
Q

What should be done to control C. burnetti?

A
  • immediately seek medical attention if suspected
  • segregate parturient animals and burn placentas and other reproductive discharges
  • proper bio safety procedures
  • vaccinate livestock
54
Q

What people are most at risk for Psittacosis or chlamydiosis?

A

Bird owners, pet store workers, vets, poultry and poultry processing personnel

55
Q

Chlamydophilia psitacci occurs mostly in what birds?

A

Psittacine birds - parrots

also occurs in domestic poultry

56
Q

What are the routes of transmission of C. psitacci?

A

Birds: fecal-oral

Humans: direct handling of infected bird

57
Q

What symptoms will you see in a human infected with C. psitacci?

A

Acute febrile syndrome: headache, myalgia, cough, shortness of breath, photophobia.
Complications include - hepatitis, endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, nephritis

58
Q

What clinical signs do you see in birds with C. psitacci?

A

Can cause morbidity and mortality in psittacine birds

59
Q

How do you control C. psitacci?

A
  • counsel bird owners on signs of parrot fever
  • consider disease in any sick bird with lethargy and non specific signs - especially if stressed
  • biosafety measures in handling infected birds (PPE)

RUSVM Epi Summer 17 (29 decks)

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