Surveillance

Question 1

What is surveillance? (in reference to epi)

Answer 1

Systematic continuous observation of populations and collection and analysis of date from many varied sources

Question 2

What are the two main reasons we use surveillance?

Answer 2

1. Rapid detection and timely, appropriate response to important health events
2. Production and communication of valid information about the health and disease status of the population

Question 3

What are the major goals of animal health surveillance?

Answer 3

Maintain and improve:
Animal health and welfare
Economic viability of animal based food production systems

Protection of public health: control of zoonotic and foodborne diseases

Question 4

Why is early detection important in the event of disease outbreaks?

Answer 4

Early detection prevents catastrophic losses and costs

Direct costs: dead animals, tx for sick animals, lost productivity

Indirect costs: lost markets and consumer confidence, losses in tourism etc

Question 5

How does surveillance support dz control during an outbreak?

Answer 5

By using situational intelligence - information is collected and given to epidemiologist to analyze to project the outbreak movements/trends to get a better handle on it
*also identify suspect or infected farms for stamping out

Question 6

What is an example of a control eradication program?

Answer 6

Test and slaughter programs

Question 7

Are good surveillance programs beneficial or detrimental to trade?

Answer 7

Beneficial

OIE member nations have specific surveillance regulations that are essential for trade (food animals and their products)

Question 8

T/F: Borders can be closed if a nation has substandard surveillance, even if no disease is detected

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

Surveillance detects failure of _____ and ______ security programs.

Answer 9

Biosecurity and border security

Question 10

What are the 3 basic components of surveillance?

Answer 10

1. Detection
2. Response
3. Communication

Question 11

Are disease the outbreak investigation and diagnostic pathology part of the Detection phase of surveillance?

Answer 11

YES

Observation of a population or collection, analysis and interpretation of data from a population

Question 12

What is animal health surveillance?

Answer 12

Surveillance of animals for diseases of importance to animals and people

Question 13

Surveillance of people for human diseases is considered ________

Answer 13

Public health surveillance

Question 14

What is biosurveillance?

Answer 14

Surveillance of humans, animals, and plants for dz affecting any or all of them

Question 15

What are the 4 types of surveillance?

Answer 15

****
Passive
Active
Sentinel
Targeted

Question 16

What is the most common form of surveillance?

Answer 16

PASSIVE

Question 17

What is passive surveillance?

Answer 17

Submission is initiated by and at the discretion of the sample/data provider;
**The Veterinarian or health authority does very little to select subjects for sampling or information

Question 18

What are some examples of passive surveillance?

Answer 18

Reportable dz programs
Sero-surveys at auction markets and slaughter plants
Diagnostic laboratory submission surveillance

Question 19

What is syndromic surveillance?

Answer 19

Collecting and analyzing data based on clinical signs only. (from medical records)

Researcher chooses what clinical sign they want to collect data for

Question 20

What are some cons to passive surveillance?

Answer 20

Not a representative sample of the population

Will not work for less valued animals that do not use veterinary services

Does not account for animals that have not been reported

Little control over who provides the data and samples

Question 21

Is syndromic surveillance usually short term or long term?

Answer 21

Long. these studies can go on for years and year

Question 22

what is a con to syndromic surveillance?

Answer 22

The non specificity of data: many different dz may show the same clinical sign that the data is based upon

Question 23

What are some pros to passive surveillance?

Answer 23

Cheap
Reportable dz programs provide continuous surveillance
Laboratory surveillance can detect emerging dz

Question 24

What is active surveillance?

Answer 24

Involves committed effort of the veterinary/health authority to identify subjects for data or samples

They initiate sample/data collection bu identifying the surveillance subjects etc etc

Question 25

What is a pro to active surveillance?

Answer 25

Can be representative of the population - can make valid estimates of the amount of dz in a pop

Question 26

What are some cons to active surveillance?

Answer 26

Very expensive and labor intensive
Usually done once or intermittently
Sometimes may not be representative of the population

Question 27

What is sentinel surveillance?

Answer 27

A small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or dz risk

Question 28

What populations act as sentinels for the risk to human populations from WNV?

Answer 28

Horses, wild birds, and mosquitoes

Question 29

What are some pros of sentinel surveillance?

Answer 29

Less expensive than monitoring an entire population
Often the only method available
Allows intensive, multiple testing.. early warning

Question 30

What is the purpose of targeted surveillance?

Answer 30

It is used to prove freedom from disease in specific populations

*targets a specific segment of the population to enhance detection of dz

Question 31

What are the four broad categories of surveillance?

Answer 31

animal health
public health
biosurveillance
food safety

Question 32

What are pros and cons of targeted surveillance?

Answer 32

PRO: Enhances efficiency and reduces cost

CON: may not be representative of the population