Foodborne Dz: Bacterial Flashcards by holly prychka

What bacterial foodborne illnesses do not colonize the intestinal tract, or replicate in the body?

Intoxication only

Bacteria replicates in food and produces a toxin within that food

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A foodborn illness caused by a bacterial infection will colonize in the _________

GI tract

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What bacteria associated with foodborne illnesses are infectious via intoxication?

Staph aureus
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens

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Bacterial toxins are named by _____ and by target ______

Type and target tissue

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What bacteria produce exotoxins? What bacteria produce endotoxins?

Gram positive = Exo

Gram negative = endo

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When will you see signs associated with bacterial intoxication? What is the usual duration?

Onset is usually rapid: 30min - 6hr most commonly (up to 12hrs)

Duration is usually 1-2 days

Botulism toxin is an exception

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When will you see signs associated with a bacterial infection from food? How long do they last and what are they?

Onset = several hours to days

Illness usually lasts for several days

Many produce enterotoxins that cause watery dhr: ranging from mild to severe

Invasive species or species with toxins that kill enterocytes cause dysentery, fever, and possible septicemia **dehydration

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What temperature range is considered the food danger zone?

40-140F

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What is the reservoir of staph aureus?

Skin and nose of (many healthy) people

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How is staph aureus transmitted?

Vehicle: food - contaminated with S. aureus and stored at temps good for growth and toxin production

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What is the most common foodborne intoxication?

S. aureus

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What is the incubation time of S. aureus and the duration of intoxication?

30mins - 6 hours

Duration = +/- 24 hours

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What clinical signs are associated with S. aureus intoxication?

Vomiting, dhr, cramping

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How is S. aureus prevented?

Proper food hygiene and proper food storage (temp is important!!)

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Bacillus cereus is a gram _____, soil dwelling, rod shaped, spore forming bacterium

POSITIVE

reservoir = soil

aka “fried rice syndrome”

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How is bacillus cereus transmitted?

Vehicle = food. Contaminated with bacteria or spores and stored at temps good for growth and toxin production

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T/F: Bacillus cereus is killed via cooking

FALSE

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What are the two forms of Bacillus cereus intoxication and what are the associated clinical signs?

Enteric form = Nausea/vomiting. Incubation is 30min to 6hr
Diarrhea form = diarrhea and cramping. Incubation period 8-16 hours

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How is Bacillus cereus prevented?

Proper food hygiene

Proper food storage (temp)

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What is the reservoir of clostridium botulinum?

Soil; sediments (stream, lake, and coastal); intestinal tracts of fish and mammmals; gills and viscera of crabs/shellfish; honey

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What is the mode of transmission of C. botulinum?

Vehicle: Food contaminated with spores at production and then improperly processed allowing growth and toxin production

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C. botulinum is mostly associated with what preservation process of foods?

Canning

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What is the time frame of clinical onset of C. botulinum intoxication?

18 - 36 hours

up to 8 days

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What are the clinical signs associated with Botulism?

Typically will start with ocular signs - blurred vision, double vision, drooping eyes. Then a descending paralysis

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What food should be avoided in infants less than 12 months?

Honey Can contain C. botulinum spores that are able to sporulate within the GI tract of infants

If a patient is suspected to have Botulism, does treatment begin before lab test results are completed?

YES

How do you prevent C. botulinum intoxications?

Avoid contamination of food Don't feed honey to children less than 12 months of age Proper food preparation

What is the reservoir for clostridium perfringens?

Soils, sediments, intestinal tracts of people and animals

What is the MOT for C. perfringens?

Vehicle: foods contaminated at production, processing, or preparation

What is the incubation period and duration of C. perfringens intoxication?

Incubation = 8-22 hours Duration = 24 hrs

What clinical signs are associated with C. perfringens intoxication?

Vomiting, dhr, abd crampsd

How do you prevent C. perfringens?

Proper food processing and preparation

What are some ways to prevent foodborne intoxication?

Proper food hygiene: prevent soil contamination/wash food/wear plastic gloves when handling food Proper preparation and storage: temps less than 40F and greater than 140F / proper canning Meat hygiene

CDC estimates approximately _______ cases of Campylobacter jejuni yearly in the US; with over 100 deaths

1 million

What time of year are C. jejuni infections most common?

Summer - due to warm temperatures (food gets into danger zone easily), more BBQs and picnics

What is the reservoir of C. jejuni?

Normal component of intestinal flora of many species: many bird species; many mammalian spps can be infected

T/F: Approximately 90% of poultry flocks are positive for C. jejuni

TRUE

What is the MOT of C. jejuni?

Vehicle - contaminated food/water Direct contact with farm animals **very low infectious dose

What is the incubation period and duration of illness for campylobacter jejuni infections?

Incubation = 2-5days Duration = 7 days (ranges from 2-10)

What clinical signs are associated with C. jejuni infections?

Fever, dhr, cramping, hemorrhagic dhr *usually self limiting

How do you prevent C. jejuni infections?

Target the vehicle: *OFFS: reduce infection in birds going to slaughter, meat hygiene, pasteurization of milk, proper handling and cooking of meat - espcially poultry

T/F: it is good practice to wash your poultry before cooking

FALSE This can aerosolize pathogens

What is the reservoir for Salmonella?

GI flora of many spps: birds, cattle, rodents etc

T/F: Salmonella infection is the number one foodborne illness that causes hospitalizations

TRUE

What is the incubation period and duration for salmonella infections?

``` Incubation = 12-72 hrs Duration = 4-7 days ``` **invasive type infection

What season are salmonella infections most common?

Summer

Who are most likely to become infected with Salmonella? Why?

Children - they don't wash their hands enough

T/F: Cuddling your pet chickens is good practice to decrease their stress levels and make them happy

Nope :( CDC advises against it due to salmonella risks

T/F: Salmonella prevention takes place pre and post harvest

TRUE

Salmonella enteritidis is associated with eating what?

Raw or undercooked eggs

What are the most concerning strains of E. coli in humans?

Shiga toxin producing E. coli - O157-H7

What is the reservoir of E. coli?/

Many mammalian spps including cattle and other hoof stock *many strains with varying pathogenicity

How does E.coli transmission occur?

Vehicle = contaminated food | Carcasses contaminated in plant, veggies irrigated with contaminated water, unpasteurized mild, cheese, fruit juices

What is the incubation period for E. coli O157:H7 and what is the duration of symptoms?

Incubation = 3-4 days Duration = 5-7 days

What clinical signs are associated with E.coli O157:H7?

Dhr, can be bloody - may be self limiting 5-10% of cases --> Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

What places have an increased risk of E.coli infection?

Water parks and petting zoos

What are some prevention strategies for E.coli infections?

Pre harvest: OFFS - reduce level of colonization in animals, vax cattle, proper manure handling Post harvest: Meat hygiene, pasteurization of milk, prevent contamination of all stages of food chain, cook food properly

What is the reservoir for Vibrio cholerae?

People, naturally found in brackish rivers and coastal waters

What is the most important MOT of Vibrio cholerae?

Water** Foods can be contaminated by water **this is more of a problem in developing countries

When was the last major outbreak of Vibrio cholerae in the US?

1911

What clinical signs are associated with Vibrio cholerae?

Watery dhr (infection + enterotoxin)

How is Vibrio cholerae prevented?

Sanitation, sewer management, and water treatment Food preparation: proper handling and cooking of food especially shellfish, wash fruits and veggies

What is the reservoir for listeria monocytogenes?

Soil, water, animals *likes cold temps - as low as 3C; can still replicate

What symptoms are associated with listeria infections in humans?

Mild food poisoning or flu-like symptoms, in most exposed people * septicemia and meningitis * abortions

How are listeria infections prevented?

Meat hygiene, pasteurize milk, food preparation= cook food fully, wash fruits and veggies