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RUSVM Epi Summer 17 > Intro to Zoonoses/Zoonoses from Carnivores > Flashcards

Intro to Zoonoses/Zoonoses from Carnivores Flashcards

1
Q

What are arthroponoses?

A

Diseases that people get from other people

*the reservoir is human

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2
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Infectious diseases that people get from animals, either directly or indirectly

animals are the ultimate reservoir for dz

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3
Q

T/F: Poisoning/envenomation by animals is a form of zoonoses

A

FALSE

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4
Q

What are some of the most common zoonoses in the USA?

A 
Salmonellosis
lyme dz
giardia
shiga-toxin E. coli
WNV
Rocky mountain spotted fever
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5
Q

What are some examples of zoonoses that are reportable in animals?

A 
Yersina pestis
rabies
bacillus anthracis
mycobacterium bovis
brucella abortus
Venezuelan equine enchephalomyelitis
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6
Q

What are some costs of zoonotic diseases?

A

Cost in human health: lost of productivity, loss of life - disease/suicide

Economic costs: treatment and prophylaxis, import and export restrictions, lost trade and tourism

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7
Q

How do people acquire zoonotic dz?

A

pets, farms, state fairs, petting zoos, pet stores, nature parks, wooded and brushy areas, child car facilities

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8
Q

Who ca get zoonotic dz?

A

Anyone!!

Farmers and vets have a high occupational risk

Children, elderly, pregnant woman, and immuno-compromised are of the biggest concern

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9
Q

What social changes have affected zoonoses?

A 
Changes in small animal ownership
Changes in the "status" of animals
Changes in exotic animal ownership
Changes in food animal production
Changes in global trade and travel
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10
Q

What has been the changes noted in food animal populations over the years?

A

Large increases in the population of production animals per farm

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11
Q

What are the roles of veterinarians regarding zoonoes?

A

Surveillance
Prevention and control
Occupational safety (protecting yourself and staff from daily exposure)

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12
Q

T/F: Some zoonotic dzs can be perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species

A

TRUE

Ex: rabies, brucella

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13
Q

T/F: All vector transmitted infections require a combination of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What are some examples of viral zoonoses?

A 
Colorado tick fever
Ebola
Influenza
Rabies
Nipah
Monkeypox
WNV  
 etc etc etc
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15
Q

What are some examples of bacterial zoonoses?

A 
Anthraz
brucellosis
campylobacteriosis
plague
psittacosis
Q fever
etc etc etc
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16
Q

What are some examples of protozoal zoonoses?

A 
Trypanosomiasis
babesiosis
cryptosporidiosis
Giardiasis
toxoplasmosis
etc etc
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17
Q

What are some examples of helminthic zoonoses?

A 
Baylisascariasis
cysticercosis
echinococcosis
schistosome dermatitis 
larval migrans
etc etc etc
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18
Q

How does a human get infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

infected feces in the litter box
Eating unwashed vegetables with infected feces
Eating raw infected meat (pig/sheep)

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19
Q

How long do cats typically shed immature toxoplasma gondii oocysts?

A

1-3 weeks; then they recover

20
Q

How long does it take T. gondii oocysts to sporulate and become infectious?

A

1-5 days in the soil

21
Q

What form of the protozoa (T. gondii) replicates within macrophages, and what phase will encyst in the muscle?

A

Tachyzoites - in intermediate host macrophages

Bradyzoites - encyst into muscular tissue or neurological tissues

22
Q

By what methods are bradyzoites within muscle tissue rendered non-infectious?

A

Freezing for 7 days or by fully cooking

23
Q

T/F: Oocysts of T. gondii are very resistant and can survive freezing

A

TRUE

can survive most disinfectants, freezing, drying

24
Q

In who does T. gondii infections cause severe problems?

A

Immuno-compromised and pregnant women

infections are usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent adults and children

25
Q

What is the control program for T. gondii in cats?

A

There is none - no good one

Control is by reducing risk of him infections

26
Q

How can the risk of human infections of T. gondii be reduced?

A

Pregnant women can be tested serologically for antibodies
Buy cats that are less likely to be shedding
Prevent oocyst sporulation
reduce exposure

27
Q

If you have a pregnant client with a cat, and no one else to scoop the litter box, what should you recommend she do?

A

She should scoop the litter box daily (decreasing the chance of sporulation to occur) it would be preferred to wear a protective mask while doing so

28
Q

What is the term for diseases caused by migrating larvae in paratenic hosts?

A

Larval migrans

*remember that parasitic nematodes are almost always migratory during the larval stages

29
Q

Almost every dog is infected at some time with what parasite?

A

Roundworms: Toxocara spp - canis, cati, vitulorum

30
Q

What occurs in human toxocariasis? Who are most at risk?

A

Children between the ages of 1-4 (pica and geophagia increase risk)

Visceral larval migrans is most common but asymptomatic in most cases

**Ocular or neurologic migrans is rare

31
Q

What are some methods of prevention of Toxocariasis?

A

Reduce the reservior: regular antihelminthic treatment of dogs, cats, and puppies

Reduce contact with sand boxes/pits - or keep them covered in the back yard

32
Q

The reservoir for Baylisascaris procyonis is _________ and it is transmitted via _________

A

Raccoons

Fecal-oral route

33
Q

Dogs can function as what kind of host(s) when infected with Baylisascaris procyonis?

A

alternative definitive hosts or intermediate hosts

34
Q

What occurs when humans are infected with Baylisascaris procyonis?

A

Larval migrans - usually ocular or neurological

35
Q

What kind of host are humans for: beef and pork tapeworms (T. saginata and T. solium), fish tapeworm (diphyllobothrium), and the dog tapeworm (dipylidium caninum - rare)?

A

Definitive host

**Humans are infested by eating intermediate host tissue

36
Q

What kind of host are humans for Echinococcus spp, and cysticercosis?

A

Intermediate

E. granulosus
E. multilocularis

Cysticercosis - T. solium

**humans are infested by eating larvated eggs - symptoms depend based on where cyst develops

37
Q

Where do cestode larvae tend to form cysts in intermediate hosts?

A

liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, and muscle

Different species of parasite will tend to go to specific places

38
Q

What is the reservoir for all Echinococcus spps?

A

Canids (dogs, wolves etc)

Intermediate hosts are typically their natural prey (sheep, moose, etc), but humans can also serve as an aberrant intermediate host if exposed

39
Q

Where are the most common places hydatid cysts will occur in humans when exposed to E. granulosus?

A

Often liver and brain

individual, large, fluid-filled cysts

40
Q

Where do cysts form in humans when exposed to E. multilocularis?

A

Aveolar cyst disease - form multiocular, small, solid cysts

often starts in liver and spreads secondarily to the lungs

41
Q

T/F: Human infection of E. granulosus occurs from ingesting infected meat with cysts

A

FALSE

ingestion of eggs (often on the fur of infected dogs etc)

42
Q

Where is the sylvatic cycle of E. granulosus most active in North America?

A

Active between wolves and moose in many parts of Canada

43
Q

What can be done to control cystic echinococcosis?

A

Preventing infestation in dogs: regular tx with praziquantal (q 6wks)

Condemnation/disposal of infected offal - prevent farm dogs from eating infected carcasses

Preventing transmission to people via education and hygiene

44
Q

The natural cycle of E. multilocularis (Alveolar Echinococcosis) is between _______ and __________

A

Foxes and rodents

domestic dogs and cats can also be hosts - when hunting infected rodents

45
Q

T/F: Alveolar Echinococcosis is generally a rare disease, but has a high fatality

A

TRUE

Sporadic dz in Europe/Russia
Endemic in wildlife of North America - no human transmission
*Very common in parts of China

46
Q

What methods are used to control E. multilocularis?

A 
Routine tx of dogs (twice annually) 
Reduce exposure of domestic pets to rats
Treatment of foxes: baiting (monthly in urband foxes and q3months in rural foxes)
Education
Stray dog control

RUSVM Epi Summer 17 (29 decks)

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