Intro to Zoonoses/Zoonoses from Carnivores Flashcards by holly prychka

What are arthroponoses?

Diseases that people get from other people

*the reservoir is human

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What are zoonoses?

Infectious diseases that people get from animals, either directly or indirectly

animals are the ultimate reservoir for dz

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T/F: Poisoning/envenomation by animals is a form of zoonoses

FALSE

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What are some of the most common zoonoses in the USA?

Salmonellosis
lyme dz
giardia
shiga-toxin E. coli
WNV
Rocky mountain spotted fever

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What are some examples of zoonoses that are reportable in animals?

Yersina pestis
rabies
bacillus anthracis
mycobacterium bovis
brucella abortus
Venezuelan equine enchephalomyelitis

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What are some costs of zoonotic diseases?

Cost in human health: lost of productivity, loss of life - disease/suicide

Economic costs: treatment and prophylaxis, import and export restrictions, lost trade and tourism

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How do people acquire zoonotic dz?

pets, farms, state fairs, petting zoos, pet stores, nature parks, wooded and brushy areas, child car facilities

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Who ca get zoonotic dz?

Anyone!!

Farmers and vets have a high occupational risk

Children, elderly, pregnant woman, and immuno-compromised are of the biggest concern

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What social changes have affected zoonoses?

Changes in small animal ownership
Changes in the "status" of animals
Changes in exotic animal ownership
Changes in food animal production
Changes in global trade and travel

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What has been the changes noted in food animal populations over the years?

Large increases in the population of production animals per farm

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What are the roles of veterinarians regarding zoonoes?

Surveillance
Prevention and control
Occupational safety (protecting yourself and staff from daily exposure)

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T/F: Some zoonotic dzs can be perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species

TRUE

Ex: rabies, brucella

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T/F: All vector transmitted infections require a combination of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts

TRUE

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What are some examples of viral zoonoses?

Colorado tick fever
Ebola
Influenza
Rabies
Nipah
Monkeypox
WNV  
 etc etc etc

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What are some examples of bacterial zoonoses?

Anthraz
brucellosis
campylobacteriosis
plague
psittacosis
Q fever
etc etc etc

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What are some examples of protozoal zoonoses?

Trypanosomiasis
babesiosis
cryptosporidiosis
Giardiasis
toxoplasmosis
etc etc

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What are some examples of helminthic zoonoses?

Baylisascariasis
cysticercosis
echinococcosis
schistosome dermatitis 
larval migrans
etc etc etc

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How does a human get infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

infected feces in the litter box
Eating unwashed vegetables with infected feces
Eating raw infected meat (pig/sheep)

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How long do cats typically shed immature toxoplasma gondii oocysts?

1-3 weeks; then they recover

How long does it take T. gondii oocysts to sporulate and become infectious?

1-5 days in the soil

What form of the protozoa (T. gondii) replicates within macrophages, and what phase will encyst in the muscle?

Tachyzoites - in intermediate host macrophages

Bradyzoites - encyst into muscular tissue or neurological tissues

By what methods are bradyzoites within muscle tissue rendered non-infectious?

Freezing for 7 days or by fully cooking

T/F: Oocysts of T. gondii are very resistant and can survive freezing

TRUE

can survive most disinfectants, freezing, drying

In who does T. gondii infections cause severe problems?

Immuno-compromised and pregnant women

infections are usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent adults and children

What is the control program for T. gondii in cats?

There is none - no good one Control is by reducing risk of him infections

How can the risk of human infections of T. gondii be reduced?

Pregnant women can be tested serologically for antibodies Buy cats that are less likely to be shedding Prevent oocyst sporulation reduce exposure

If you have a pregnant client with a cat, and no one else to scoop the litter box, what should you recommend she do?

She should scoop the litter box daily (decreasing the chance of sporulation to occur) it would be preferred to wear a protective mask while doing so

What is the term for diseases caused by migrating larvae in paratenic hosts?

Larval migrans *remember that parasitic nematodes are almost always migratory during the larval stages

Almost every dog is infected at some time with what parasite?

Roundworms: Toxocara spp - canis, cati, vitulorum

What occurs in human toxocariasis? Who are most at risk?

Children between the ages of 1-4 (pica and geophagia increase risk) Visceral larval migrans is most common but asymptomatic in most cases **Ocular or neurologic migrans is rare

What are some methods of prevention of Toxocariasis?

Reduce the reservior: regular antihelminthic treatment of dogs, cats, and puppies Reduce contact with sand boxes/pits - or keep them covered in the back yard

The reservoir for Baylisascaris procyonis is _________ and it is transmitted via _________

Raccoons | Fecal-oral route

Dogs can function as what kind of host(s) when infected with Baylisascaris procyonis?

alternative definitive hosts or intermediate hosts

What occurs when humans are infected with Baylisascaris procyonis?

Larval migrans - usually ocular or neurological

What kind of host are humans for: beef and pork tapeworms (T. saginata and T. solium), fish tapeworm (diphyllobothrium), and the dog tapeworm (dipylidium caninum - rare)?

Definitive host **Humans are infested by eating intermediate host tissue

What kind of host are humans for Echinococcus spp, and cysticercosis?

Intermediate E. granulosus E. multilocularis Cysticercosis - T. solium **humans are infested by eating larvated eggs - symptoms depend based on where cyst develops

Where do cestode larvae tend to form cysts in intermediate hosts?

liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, and muscle Different species of parasite will tend to go to specific places

What is the reservoir for all Echinococcus spps?

Canids (dogs, wolves etc) Intermediate hosts are typically their natural prey (sheep, moose, etc), but humans can also serve as an aberrant intermediate host if exposed

Where are the most common places hydatid cysts will occur in humans when exposed to E. granulosus?

Often liver and brain individual, large, fluid-filled cysts

Where do cysts form in humans when exposed to E. multilocularis?

Aveolar cyst disease - form multiocular, small, solid cysts often starts in liver and spreads secondarily to the lungs

T/F: Human infection of E. granulosus occurs from ingesting infected meat with cysts

FALSE ingestion of eggs (often on the fur of infected dogs etc)

Where is the sylvatic cycle of E. granulosus most active in North America?

Active between wolves and moose in many parts of Canada

What can be done to control cystic echinococcosis?

Preventing infestation in dogs: regular tx with praziquantal (q 6wks) Condemnation/disposal of infected offal - prevent farm dogs from eating infected carcasses Preventing transmission to people via education and hygiene

The natural cycle of E. multilocularis (Alveolar Echinococcosis) is between _______ and __________

Foxes and rodents domestic dogs and cats can also be hosts - when hunting infected rodents

T/F: Alveolar Echinococcosis is generally a rare disease, but has a high fatality

TRUE Sporadic dz in Europe/Russia Endemic in wildlife of North America - no human transmission *Very common in parts of China

What methods are used to control E. multilocularis?

``` Routine tx of dogs (twice annually) Reduce exposure of domestic pets to rats Treatment of foxes: baiting (monthly in urband foxes and q3months in rural foxes) Education Stray dog control ```