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MABS Microbiology > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

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1
Q

Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and Humans (WHO)

A

zoonoses

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2
Q

in the late 1600s, this scientist invented the microscope, investigations of etiological agents soon followed

A

Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Encephalitis in dogs with rabies

Ringworm in humans and animals

Glanders and tetanus in horses and humans

Epidemic of urban plague

A

Conditions dating back for centuries

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4
Q

ringworm first described in late 1840’s when they learned that the cat was a reservoir of human Microsporum canis in 1902.

A

Mycotic Diseases

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5
Q

Tick-borne relapsing fever found to be caused by a spirochete in 1873

Bacillus anthracis first describe by Loch in 1877

By 1890, most bacterial zoonoses known to occur at that time had been described.

A

Bacterial Diseases

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6
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii was first described in 1909

Most rickettsial agents were described by the 1930’s

A

Rickettsial Diseases

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7
Q

In 1798 Jenner reported protection from human smallpox conferred by innoculation of cowpox

By 1903, rabies was the first confirmed viral zoonoses

By the 1930’s Electron microscopy confirmed most initial reports of viral zoonoses

A

Viral Diseases

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8
Q

Most Cestodes were described by 1880, Nematodes by 1800’s and Trematodes by 1870’s and Filarial Nematodes by 1930’s.

Most zoonotic protozoa described between 1885-1915 while the plasmodia (related to malaria) of primates were described between 1930-1960.

A

Parasitic Diseases

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9
Q

single-celled parasites and their role in disease continue through to the present.

A

coccidia and Microsporidia and other related single-celled parasites

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10
Q

Any illness that results from the transmission of agents from an infected host to another susceptible host.

A

Communicable Disease

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11
Q

Any vertebrate or invertebrate that harbors an agent which can be primary, secondary or incidental in nature.

A

Host

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12
Q

A host in which an agent normally lives and multiplies and depends on for survival and transmission.

A

Reservoir

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13
Q

Entry and development of an agent in the host

A

Infection

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14
Q

A clinically apparent disease that results from infection.

A

Infectious Disease

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15
Q

this is the host that harbors the infectious agent and has either an apparent or an inapparent disease. Normally referred to as the Carrier

A

Infected Individual

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16
Q

this is a term also used to describe an infected individual

Healthy or asymptomatic
Convalescent
Transient or chronic

A

carrier

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17
Q

this is the period of time during which the infectious agent can be transmitted either directly of indirectly to a susceptible host.

A

Communicable period

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18
Q

this is the term used to describe the time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the onset of clinical symptoms.

A

incubation period

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19
Q

this is the presence of an agent on the surface of the body or on an inanimate object such as drinking glass, bed or food.

A

Contamination

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20
Q

the first individual recognized as being infected with the disease.

A

Index Case

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21
Q

the first or primary case having the disease.

A

Proband or Propositus

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22
Q

when direct transmission takes place from the infected host to a susceptible host by direct contact or through contact with an inanimate object or a non-biological mechanical vector).

NO developmental changes or propagation of the organism occurs during the transmission

A

Direct Zoonoses

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23
Q

what type of classification is the following?

rabies, trichinosis and brucellosis

A

direct zoonoses

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24
Q

when the agent multiplies and develops (or both) in either an invertebrate host before transmission or to the vertebrate host after transmission.

Requires that a definite prepatent or incubation period take place before transmission.

A

metazoonoses

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25
Q

what type of classification is the following?

Lyme disease, Arboviruses (Arthropod borne)

A

metazoonoses

26
Q

requires more than one vertebrate host but NO invertebrate host.

A

Cyclozoonoses

27
Q

what type of classification is the following?

Human Taeniasis, Echinococcosis (Tapeworms)

A

Cyclozoonoses

28
Q

transmission requires a non-animal development site or a reservoir such as food plants, soil or other organic material.

A

Saprozoonoses

29
Q

what type of classification is the following?

larval migrans and mycotic diseases

A

Saprozoonoses

30
Q

Detection of disease

Measurement of the extent of occurrence

Identify the needed interventions

Evaluate the impact of interventions

A

Disease Surveillance

31
Q

All the above except evaluation of

intervention aspects

A

Disease Monitoring

32
Q

this type of host is described as follows?

Definitive (primary)
Intermediate (secondary)

A

reservoir host

33
Q

described as follows?

Asymptomatic (healthy or subclinical)
Convalescent (Incubationary)

A

Carrier Host

34
Q

described as follows?

Sylvatic – wildlife
Domicilated – Rats and mice Area of infected maintenance hosts - called natural focus, nidus or niche.

A

Habitat of Host

35
Q

unusual occurrence of disease exceeding the expected numbers

A

Epidemic

36
Q

A cluster of cases that may or may not be an epidemic

A

Outbreak

37
Q

A widespread occurrence of disease, usually globally distributed or on its way to that level

A

Pandemic

38
Q

an occurence of disease that meets the expected numbers

A

endemic

39
Q

indirect transmission due to exposure to a common vehicle such as food, air, water, mechanical means.

A

common source

40
Q

Are secondary cases resulting from the exposure to a primary case which serve to extend the period of infectivity.

A

Propagation

41
Q

is the inhibiting of the introduction of a disease causing agent into a specific area, or population or to an individual.

A

Prevention

42
Q

the steps taken to reduce and maintain the disease or the transmission at a tolerable level.

A

Control

43
Q

The elimination of a disease causing agent from a specific population or area.
Total Eradication vs Practical Eradication

A

Eradication

44
Q

the only disease that’s been totally eradictated

A

smallpox

45
Q

keep the agent in

A

Isolation

46
Q

Keep the agent out

A

Quarantine

47
Q

Benign such as leash laws or restrictions of movement of livestock; Drastic reduction or elimination.

A

Population control

48
Q

Vaccination of a critical number to keep down epidemics

A

Herd immunity

49
Q

what type of transmission is this?

Touch, bite, sexual, droplet

A

direct transmission

50
Q

what type of transmission is this?

Vector-borne such as a tick, mosquito or flea or Vehicle-borne such as food, water, soil

A

indirect transmission

51
Q

what type of transmission is this?

dissemination of the infectious agent by aerosols to a suitable port of entry.

A

airborne transmission

52
Q

what is this type of airborne transmission?

may remain for a long period of time

A

suspension

53
Q

what is this type of airborne transmission?

(<5u) easily drawn into alveoli

A

small particle

54
Q

what is this type of airborne transmission?

result from evaporation of fluids or atomization

A

droplet nuclei

55
Q

what is this type of airborne transmission?

which are particles which result from soil

A

dust

56
Q

Direct or indirect transmission from an infected individual to a susceptible individual – various modes of interspecies spread of Zoonoses

A

Horizontal Transmission

57
Q

Transmission of a disease from one generation to another such as from mother to baby in utero via colostrum. An important feature in many vector-borne diseases.

A

Vertical Transmission

58
Q

the characteristics that increase or decrease the likelihood of exposure, subsequent infection and prognosis.

A

Risk Factors

59
Q

what is this type of risk factor?

Age, gender, breed/race, religion etc.

A

Host

60
Q

what is this type of risk factor?

geographic features of occurrence

A

Place

61
Q

what is this type of risk factor?

Time of day, seasonal (vector feeding)

A

Time

62
Q

what is this type of risk factor?

Time and place

A

Environmental Factors

MABS Microbiology (18 decks)

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