Zoo And Wildlife Anesthesia

Question 1

What safety precautions should you take for accidental human exposure to capture drugs?

Answer 1

Ideally two vets at a time —> a drop of thiafentanil on the cornea could lead to cardiopulmonary arrest in 60 second

Have full antagonists available

Question 2

What are must you concider in regards to animal safety?

Answer 2

Ambient conditions
Excessive heat or cold
Bloat
Noise stress
Lacerations from running aimlessly in panic
Work quickly to minimize stress on wildlife

Question 3

What is the range of a pole syringe?

Answer 3

3-4meters

Question 4

What is the range of a blow pipe?

Answer 4

10-15meters

Question 5

What are the two types of dart projectors ?

Answer 5

Pistol

Rifle

Question 6

What is the range of a pistol dart projector?

Answer 6

1-25meters

Question 7

What is the range of a rifle dart projector?

Answer 7

5-60meters

Question 8

What would be the best choice of equipment to use on an animal in an enclosed or small animals in close range?

Answer 8

Pole syringe

Question 9

What would be the best choice of equipment to anesthetize small animals that are at a distance?

Answer 9

Blow pipe

• dart guns are helpful at a distance but cause excessive tissue damage in small, thin skinned animals

Question 10

What equipment would you use for a large herbivore at long range?

Answer 10

Dart rifle

Question 11

Dart projectors are powered by??

Answer 11

Compressed gas (CO2, butane, air)

Powder

Question 12

What is the biggest determinant of force of a dart projector?

Answer 12

Velocity

Question 13

Flip for good tip..

Answer 13

Aim of dart projection is to cause minimal tissue trauma with appropriate impact for drug delivery

Question 14

What are causes of dart failures?

Answer 14

Dart: not firing, blocked needle, sticky plunger

Drug: improper site/drug interactions

Aerodynamics: deflection while spinning in flight, wind factor, objects deflecting dart

Animal injury : bone fracture, hemorrhage, intrathoracic injection

Question 15

What drugs are commonly used for immobilizers ?

Answer 15

Potent opioids and cyclohexamines

Question 16

What are common drugs used for tranquilizers?

Answer 16

Phenothiazines and butyrophenones

Question 17

What are commonly used drugs for used as sedatives?

Answer 17

Benzodiazepines and A2 agonsits

Question 18

What opioids are appropriate for used in capture of large mammals (eg megaherbivores)

Answer 18

Etrophine
Carfentanil
Thiafentanyl

effective in very small volumes
POTENT

Question 19

What are the adverse effects of opioids?

Answer 19

Life threatening respiratory depression!

Excitement 
Muscle rigidity or tremors 
Hyperthermia 
Increased BP 
Elevated heart rate 
Decreased gut motility 
Nausea

Question 20

What is renarcotizaiton?

Answer 20

Recurrence of signs of opioid induction and sedation in varied time after administration of opioid antagonist

Question 21

What species are sensitive to opioids?

Answer 21

White rhino 
Giraffe 
Hippo 
Impala 
Mini antelope 
Waterbuck

Question 22

How can you help to manage the adverse effects of opioids?

Answer 22

Partial reversal with butorphanol

Question 23

What are signs of renarcotizaiton?

Answer 23

High-stepping 
Star gazing 
Pacing 
Decreased response to stimuli 
Sedation 
May become recumbent

Question 24

What are causes of renarcotizaiton?

Answer 24

Inadequate dose of opioid antagonist
Inappropriate antagonist
Imbalances at opioid receptor

Question 25

How can you treat renarcotizaiton

Answer 25

Repeat dose of antagonist

Question 26

What type of drug is diprenorhine?

Answer 26

Pure mu antagonist

Question 27

What are the dissociative drugs?

Answer 27

Cyclohexamines - ketamine - tiletamine

Question 28

What are the most commonly used agent for induction of general anesthesia in feral carnivores?

Answer 28

Dissociative drugs Cyclohexamines -ketamien -tiletamine

Question 29

Which has higher potency, ketamine or telzaol?

Answer 29

Telzaol

Question 30

What is in telazol?

Answer 30

Tiletamine and zolazepam

Question 31

T/F: telazol causes excitement during recovery

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What are the uses of butyrophenones and phenothiazines in wildlife?

Answer 32

Adjunct to opioid for immobilization Tranquilizer for captive herbivores to minimize stress

Question 33

What are common adverse effects of butyrophenones and phenothiazines ?

Answer 33

Extrapyramidal signs - ataxia - allotriophagia - torticollis - tremors - star gazing

Question 34

What drugs are butyrophenones ?

Answer 34

Azaperone Haloperidol

Question 35

What are the short acting phenothiazines?

Answer 35

Acepromazine | Propionylpromazine

Question 36

What are the long acting phenothiazines?

Answer 36

Zuclopenthioxol acetate (acuphase) Onset 1-2hrs Duration 1.5-3 days Perphenazine enanthate (trifalon) Onset 12-36hours Duration 7-10days

Question 37

What is the only drug that diazepam can be mixed with?

Answer 37

Ketamine | IV route recommended

Question 38

T/F: diazepam can be given in feed preparations to carnivores and herbivores

Answer 38

True

Question 39

T/F: midazolam can only be mixed with ketamine

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What is zolazepam used for?

Answer 40

Carnivore immobilization

Question 41

Why is midazolam preferred to diazepam?

Answer 41

Can be given IM

Question 42

What are the A2 antagonists?

Answer 42

Atipamezole | Yohimbine

Question 43

What A2 is commonly used in carnivores?

Answer 43

Medetomidine

Question 44

What A2 is commonly used in herbivores and is more potent than xylazine, but can cause pronounced ataxia?

Answer 44

Detomidine

Question 45

What A2 commonly used in herbivores does to produce much ataxia?

Answer 45

Romifidine

Question 46

How long do the effects of xylazine work?

Answer 46

Effects for 1-2hours | Analgesia for 30mins

Question 47

How are A2 antagonists administered?

Answer 47

IM Really slow IV (partial)

Question 48

Which has a shorter half life, atipamezole or medetomidine ?

Answer 48

Atipamezole

Question 49

What are the attributes of an ideal immobilizing drug?

Answer 49

``` Potency Rapid onset Safety : therapeutic index Minimal adverse effects Stable under various ambient conditions Miscible with other drugs Reversible effects ```

Question 50

What are the best drug combinations for large mammals?

Answer 50

Opioids with tranquilizers

Question 51

What is the best drug combo for small mammals

Answer 51

Potent opioids with - tranquilizer - ketamine - telzaol with A2 agonsit - benzodiazepines

Question 52

What is the best drug combinations for carnivores and felids?

Answer 52

Ketamine or Telazol with A2 agonists or benzodiazepines

Question 53

What is the best drug combo in primates?

Answer 53

Ketamine or telazol with A2 agonsit or benzodiazepines

Question 54

What are common adverse effects seen with opioids in white rhinos?

Answer 54

Muscle tremors, rigidity, hypoxemia, hyperthermia

Question 55

What can you use to immobilize a white rhino?

Answer 55

Etorphine + azaperone Can supplement with isoflurane or ketamine

Question 56

This drug combo used for immobilization in white rhino can be partial reversed with?? Etorphine + azaperone Can supplement with isoflurane or ketamine

Answer 56

Butorphanol IV

Question 57

How do the effects of opioids in black rhinos compare to those in white rhinos?

Answer 57

Black rhinos have.. Decreased respiratory depression Depressed muscle rigidity Typically more excitable -smaller body mass

Question 58

What drug combinations can be used for immobilization in black rhinos?

Answer 58

Etorphine + azaperone Etorphine + detomidine Carfentanil