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RUSVM Anesthesiology > Zoo And Wildlife Anesthesia > Flashcards

Zoo And Wildlife Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What safety precautions should you take for accidental human exposure to capture drugs?

A

Ideally two vets at a time —> a drop of thiafentanil on the cornea could lead to cardiopulmonary arrest in 60 second

Have full antagonists available

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2
Q

What are must you concider in regards to animal safety?

A

Ambient conditions
Excessive heat or cold
Bloat
Noise stress
Lacerations from running aimlessly in panic
Work quickly to minimize stress on wildlife

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3
Q

What is the range of a pole syringe?

A

3-4meters

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4
Q

What is the range of a blow pipe?

A

10-15meters

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5
Q

What are the two types of dart projectors ?

A

Pistol

Rifle

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6
Q

What is the range of a pistol dart projector?

A

1-25meters

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7
Q

What is the range of a rifle dart projector?

A

5-60meters

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8
Q

What would be the best choice of equipment to use on an animal in an enclosed or small animals in close range?

A

Pole syringe

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9
Q

What would be the best choice of equipment to anesthetize small animals that are at a distance?

A

Blow pipe

  • dart guns are helpful at a distance but cause excessive tissue damage in small, thin skinned animals
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10
Q

What equipment would you use for a large herbivore at long range?

A

Dart rifle

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11
Q

Dart projectors are powered by??

A

Compressed gas (CO2, butane, air)

Powder

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12
Q

What is the biggest determinant of force of a dart projector?

A

Velocity

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13
Q

Flip for good tip..

A

Aim of dart projection is to cause minimal tissue trauma with appropriate impact for drug delivery

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14
Q

What are causes of dart failures?

A

Dart: not firing, blocked needle, sticky plunger

Drug: improper site/drug interactions

Aerodynamics: deflection while spinning in flight, wind factor, objects deflecting dart

Animal injury : bone fracture, hemorrhage, intrathoracic injection

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15
Q

What drugs are commonly used for immobilizers ?

A

Potent opioids and cyclohexamines

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16
Q

What are common drugs used for tranquilizers?

A

Phenothiazines and butyrophenones

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17
Q

What are commonly used drugs for used as sedatives?

A

Benzodiazepines and A2 agonsits

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18
Q

What opioids are appropriate for used in capture of large mammals (eg megaherbivores)

A

Etrophine
Carfentanil
Thiafentanyl

effective in very small volumes
POTENT

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19
Q

What are the adverse effects of opioids?

A

Life threatening respiratory depression!

Excitement 
Muscle rigidity or tremors 
Hyperthermia 
Increased BP 
Elevated heart rate 
Decreased gut motility 
Nausea
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20
Q

What is renarcotizaiton?

A

Recurrence of signs of opioid induction and sedation in varied time after administration of opioid antagonist

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21
Q

What species are sensitive to opioids?

A 
White rhino 
Giraffe 
Hippo 
Impala 
Mini antelope 
Waterbuck
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22
Q

How can you help to manage the adverse effects of opioids?

A

Partial reversal with butorphanol

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23
Q

What are signs of renarcotizaiton?

A 
High-stepping 
Star gazing 
Pacing 
Decreased response to stimuli 
Sedation 
May become recumbent
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24
Q

What are causes of renarcotizaiton?

A

Inadequate dose of opioid antagonist
Inappropriate antagonist
Imbalances at opioid receptor

25
Q

How can you treat renarcotizaiton

A

Repeat dose of antagonist

26
Q

What type of drug is diprenorhine?

A

Pure mu antagonist

27
Q

What are the dissociative drugs?

A

Cyclohexamines

  • ketamine
  • tiletamine
28
Q

What are the most commonly used agent for induction of general anesthesia in feral carnivores?

A

Dissociative drugs
Cyclohexamines
-ketamien
-tiletamine

29
Q

Which has higher potency, ketamine or telzaol?

30
Q

What is in telazol?

A

Tiletamine and zolazepam

31
Q

T/F: telazol causes excitement during recovery

32
Q

What are the uses of butyrophenones and phenothiazines in wildlife?

A

Adjunct to opioid for immobilization

Tranquilizer for captive herbivores to minimize stress

33
Q

What are common adverse effects of butyrophenones and phenothiazines ?

A

Extrapyramidal signs

  • ataxia
  • allotriophagia
  • torticollis
  • tremors
  • star gazing
34
Q

What drugs are butyrophenones ?

A

Azaperone

Haloperidol

35
Q

What are the short acting phenothiazines?

A

Acepromazine

Propionylpromazine

36
Q

What are the long acting phenothiazines?

A

Zuclopenthioxol acetate (acuphase)
Onset 1-2hrs
Duration 1.5-3 days

Perphenazine enanthate (trifalon)
Onset 12-36hours
Duration 7-10days

37
Q

What is the only drug that diazepam can be mixed with?

A

Ketamine

IV route recommended

38
Q

T/F: diazepam can be given in feed preparations to carnivores and herbivores

39
Q

T/F: midazolam can only be mixed with ketamine

40
Q

What is zolazepam used for?

A

Carnivore immobilization

41
Q

Why is midazolam preferred to diazepam?

A

Can be given IM

42
Q

What are the A2 antagonists?

A

Atipamezole

Yohimbine

43
Q

What A2 is commonly used in carnivores?

A

Medetomidine

44
Q

What A2 is commonly used in herbivores and is more potent than xylazine, but can cause pronounced ataxia?

A

Detomidine

45
Q

What A2 commonly used in herbivores does to produce much ataxia?

A

Romifidine

46
Q

How long do the effects of xylazine work?

A

Effects for 1-2hours

Analgesia for 30mins

47
Q

How are A2 antagonists administered?

A

IM

Really slow IV (partial)

48
Q

Which has a shorter half life, atipamezole or medetomidine ?

A

Atipamezole

49
Q

What are the attributes of an ideal immobilizing drug?

A 
Potency 
Rapid onset 
Safety : therapeutic index
Minimal adverse effects 
Stable under various ambient conditions 
Miscible with other drugs 
Reversible effects
50
Q

What are the best drug combinations for large mammals?

A

Opioids with tranquilizers

51
Q

What is the best drug combo for small mammals

A

Potent opioids with

  • tranquilizer
  • ketamine
  • telzaol with A2 agonsit
  • benzodiazepines
52
Q

What is the best drug combinations for carnivores and felids?

A

Ketamine or Telazol with A2 agonists or benzodiazepines

53
Q

What is the best drug combo in primates?

A

Ketamine or telazol with A2 agonsit or benzodiazepines

54
Q

What are common adverse effects seen with opioids in white rhinos?

A

Muscle tremors, rigidity, hypoxemia, hyperthermia

55
Q

What can you use to immobilize a white rhino?

A

Etorphine + azaperone

Can supplement with isoflurane or ketamine

56
Q

This drug combo used for immobilization in white rhino can be partial reversed with??

Etorphine + azaperone
Can supplement with isoflurane or ketamine

A

Butorphanol IV

57
Q

How do the effects of opioids in black rhinos compare to those in white rhinos?

A

Black rhinos have..
Decreased respiratory depression
Depressed muscle rigidity

Typically more excitable

-smaller body mass

58
Q

What drug combinations can be used for immobilization in black rhinos?

A

Etorphine + azaperone
Etorphine + detomidine
Carfentanil

RUSVM Anesthesiology (32 decks)

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