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RUSVM Anesthesiology > Avian Anesthesia > Flashcards

Avian Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two distinct functional components of the bird respiratory system ?

A

Ventilation: trachea, bronchi, air sacs, thoracic skeleton

Gaseous exchange: parabronchial lung composed of shallow depressions which contain 3-6 funnel shaped ducts

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2
Q

T/F: birds have no diaphragm

A

True

-liver lobes border the apex of the heart

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3
Q

Is the glottis in a bird easily visualized

A

Yes

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4
Q

T/F: birds have no vocal cords or epiglottis

A

True

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5
Q

How does the avian trachea differ from mammals?

A

Birds have complete tracheal rings

Mammals have incomplete tracheal rings

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6
Q

How does dorsal recumbency affect inspiration in birds?

A

Normally sternum moves forward and ribs downward

Dorsal recumbency compresses air sacs and hinders chest movement

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7
Q

What is the flow of air during a respiratory cycle in the bird?

A

Inspiration 1: air flows mostly to caudal air sacs

Expiration 1: from caudal air sacs across the lungs

Inspiration 2: air passes to the cranial sacs

Expiration 2: air exhaled from cranial air sacs

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8
Q

When would you intubate the thoracic or abdominal air sacs?

A

Obstructed trachea

Surgical procedures around cranial airways

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9
Q

What type of exchange occurs between the air in blood in the birds respiratory system ?

A

Counter current and cross current

PaO2 (arterial) > PO2 (parabronchial)
PCO2 (air)>PCO2 (venous)

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10
Q

What is the structure of the bird heart?

A

Avian heart: 4 chambers

Relatively larger and more efficient SV than mammalian —> lower heart rates but higher stroke volume and CO

Ventricles and atria innervated by high density sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers —> more susceptibility to adverse effects from anesthesic drugs, stress, and pain

Quick depolarization due to Purkinje fibers that penetrate the myocardium

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11
Q

What is the renal portal system?

A

Unique to avian and reptilian circulation

In external iliac vein, a valve can direct blood from the caudal extremities to the central circulation or the to the kidneys.

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12
Q

T/F: the hind limb muscles of birds serve as good places to inject anesthetic drugs

A

False

Due to renal portal system, drugs can cause nephrotoxicity or reduced drug effect due to elimination

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13
Q

What is normal temperature for birds?

A

37-42C

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14
Q

How do birds thermoregulate?

A

No sweat glands
Cooling: panting and gular flutter

Heating: shivering, pilo-ecrection, eating, and basing

**thermoregulation is affected by anestherics—> overhead heat sources are most effective (heat lamp)

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15
Q

When is sedation/immobilization indicated for birds?

A

Facilitate minor procedures

  • physical exam
  • blood collection
  • diagnostic imaging
  • bandaging
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16
Q

Why is restraint methods so important for birds?

A

Small birds can die easily from the stress of improper restraint

Restrain to control wings and legs
Control neck in long-necked birds

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17
Q

Should birds be fasted prior to anesthesia?

A

Small birds become hypoglycemic quickly: high metabolic rate and poor glycogen reaper se

Empty crop or allow it to empty

Bird <200g BW: no fasting/at most 2hours
Pittaines (400-1000g): 4-6hours
Raptors/ratites: 6-12hours

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18
Q

What are the IM injection sites for birds?

A

Pectoral (most flying birds)

Thigh muscles: non flying birds

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19
Q

What are the SQ injection sites in birds ?

A

Over back of wings
Wing web and leg web
Inguinal fold

20
Q

What are IV sites of injection in birds?

A

Medial metatarsus
Brachial vein
Right jugular vein

21
Q

What are the intraosseous injection sites in birds?

A

Proximal ulna

Tibiotarus

22
Q

T/F: inhalation anesthesia is more common in avian practice

A

True

Easier to administer
Safer (rapid recovery)
—> injectables mor practicable in wild/large birds

23
Q

What drugs are used for sedation/analgesia in birds?

A

Weak opioids (butorphanol/buprenorphine) with benzodiazepines (midazolam)/ A2 agonists (medetomidine)

IV or IM

24
Q

What drugs are used for IMMOBILIZATION of birds

A

Weak opioids (butorphanol/buprenorphine) with benzodiazepines (midazolam)/ A2 agonists (medetomidine)

+ Ketamine

IV or IM

25
Q

What drugs are used for induction/maintenance of birds?

A

Propofol/alfaxalone IV can be added on to immobilization drugs to complete induction or maintain effect

26
Q

What drugs would be used to provide analgesia?

A

Potent opioids
-morphine/fentanyl

NSAIDS can be used to augment
(Carprofen/meloxicam)

27
Q

T/F: local anesthetics can be used in birds

A

True

But toxicity risk is high

28
Q

Do birds have faster induction and recover with isoflurane or sevoflurane ??

A

Sevoflurane

29
Q

Is inhalation induction faster is birds or mammals, and why?

A

Birds

Fresh air enters lungs during both inspiration and expiration and cross current gas exchange

30
Q

In water birds, what should you take into consideration when using inhalation anesthetics?

A

Able to breath-hold for up to minutes (dive-response)

—> bradycardia accompanies the apnea of the dive response

31
Q

What are signs of sufficient relaxation before intubation?

A

Eyes closed
Palpebral reflex diminished
Slower breathing rate

32
Q

What type of ET tube do you use in birds?

A

NON-cuffed

—> birds have compete tracheal rings

33
Q

What type of breathing circuit do you use in birds?

A

Non rebreathing (least resistance)

34
Q

T/F: there is no minimum alveolar concentration in birds

A

True
Birds do not have alveoli

But there is a minimum anesthesic concentration

35
Q

How do you prevent CO2 accumulation in the distal air sacs during anesthesia?

A

Assisted ventilation is mandatory!

36
Q

T/F: you can ET intubate air sacs in birds

A

True

37
Q

How can you monitor anesthetic depth?

A

Palpebral, corneal, and cere (nares) reflex
Responses to noxious stimuli
Autonomic responses

38
Q

How is the CV system monitored in birds?

A

Pulse palpation and heart auscultation (esophageal stethoscope)

ECG
Pulse oximeter
BP

39
Q

How is the respiratory system monitored in birds?

A

Respiratory rate

ETCO2

40
Q

How is body temp monitored in birds?

A

Esophageal or cloacal thermo-sensor

41
Q

What is the ECG configuration for birds?

A

Apex to base (lead II))

- results in a large negative defection of S wave

42
Q

Bradycardia due to pain, drugs, or cold is not well tolerated by birds. How can you treat this/

A

Anticholinergic

43
Q

What are problems with using pulse oximetry in birds?

A

Not always accurate

  • different colour absorption characteristics by Hb-> nucleated RBCs
  • bird may be well oxygenated but still hypercapnic—> used capnometry
44
Q

What method provides the most accurate assessment of tissue oxygenation

A

Arterial blood gas analysis

45
Q

What should ETCO2 be in birds

A

30-45mmhg

46
Q

What are the fluid administration rates for birds?

A

Crystalloids 5-10m/kg/hour

Colloid 5ml/kg/hour

47
Q

How should you recover your birds from anesthesia ?

A

Keep on O2 until extubated

Remove ET tube when bird starts to object to it

Wrap in towel

  • > hold head if a parrot
  • > hold head and feet if raptor

Offer food also soon as possible

Provide nursing care (pain, temp, fluids)

RUSVM Anesthesiology (32 decks)

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