Ruminant Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the agents that can be used for local anesthesia?

A

Lignocaine
Mepivacaine
Bupivicane

Morphine
Ketamine
Medetomidine

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2
Q

What are common general anestheria procedures done in ruminants?

A

Repro interventions (valuable bulls)
DI
Orthopedic surgery
Umbilical herniorraphy

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3
Q

What are the common complications for ruminant anesthesia?

A

Bloat (tympany)
Regurgitation

Hypotension 
Hypoventilation 
Saliva 
Aspiration/ pneumonia 
Myopathy or neuropathy
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4
Q

How does tympany develop in anesthetized ruminants?

A

When recumbent, the cardia is submerged in fluids —> gas unable to escape and fermentation occurs

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5
Q

How can the risk of bloat be reduced for anesthesia ?

A

Fasting and water withdrawal

Stomach tube

Trocarization (risk of contaminating abdominal cavity

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6
Q

Why do we see hypoventilation in ruminant anesthesia?

A

Reduced tidal volume due to ruminal distention

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7
Q

How can hypoventilation be reduced in anesthesia?

A

Decompress distended rumen

Provide oxygen and initiate artificial ventilation (IPPV)

Maintain sternal position

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8
Q

Why do we see regurgitation during ruminant anesthesia?

A

Esophageal opening eventually relaxes due to over distention

—> aspiration and pneumonia

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9
Q

What techniques can be used to minimize risk of aspiration and pneumonia?

A

Intubate swiftly and inflate ET tube cuff soon after induction

Position head lower than rest of body -> ruminal drainage while in lateral recumbency during anesthesia

Place a causing under the pole to minimize aspiration

Leave ET tube in place until trying to chew or move extremities, and pull tube out still inflated

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10
Q

T/F: cattle and sheep should be fasted 12-18hours prior to anesthesia ?

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: cattle and sheep should not be given water 4 hrs prior to anesthesia ?

A

False

Cattle 8-12 hours
Sheep 4 hrs

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12
Q

Catheters can be placed where for cattle?

A

Auricular vein (18-10g): small size limits fluid admin rate

Jugular vein (12-14g): skin very tough and accessibility difficult

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13
Q

T/F: it is not always necessary to sedate/tranquilize cattle for anesthetic procedures?

A

True

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14
Q

What type of premedication combo should be used for invasive procedures?

A

Sedative-opioid

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15
Q

Why is atropine ususally not recommended for cattle?

A

Thickens salivary sections—> aspiration

Reduced gut motility —> colic

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16
Q

Atropine in cattle should only bed used for??

A

Severe bradycardia treatment

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17
Q

What is the main adverse effect of using acepromazine as a premed ?

A

Hypotension with peripheral vasodilation

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18
Q

Which breeds of cattle are more sensitive to Xylazine ?

A

Brahmans, Herefords

-start with very low dose

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19
Q

___________ are typically combined with ketamine at induction

A

Benzodiazepines

Diazepam or midazolam

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20
Q

What is the dosage and route of administration of diazepam or midazolam in cattle ?

A

0.2- 0.3mg/kg

Diazepam IV
Midazolam IV or IM

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21
Q

What is the most frequently used opioid in ruminants for pre-medication?

A

Butorphanol (0.02-0.1 mg/kg)

Mixed u antagonist k agonist

22
Q

What is the most common induction agent in cattle anesthesia?

A

Ketamine (following xylazine premed)

23
Q

T/F: guaifenesin may be administered prior to induction agent and will significantly reduce the induction dose

24
Q

How should a cow be positioned during anesthesia?

A

Head lower than rest of body and cushion under pole (saliva drainage)

Padding to prevent myopathy

Upper leg spread away to facilitate blood flow to legs

Cover tips of horns

25
What is the MAC of isoflurane in cattle?
1.1%
26
What is the MAC of sevoflurane in cattle?
2.3 %
27
What are the induction and maintenance oxygen flow rates that should be used in cattle?
Induction : 20-50ml/kg/min Maintenance: 10-20ml/kg/min
28
What is the most common P/TIVA protocol in ruminants?
Ketamine + muscle relaxant + sedative Muscle relaxant - Guaifenesin or midazolam Sedative- A2 agonist (xylazine)
29
In a triple drip, _______mg of ketamine, _____g of Guaifenesin, and _____mg are in a liter of IV fluids
1000; 50; 100
30
What is the induction and maintenance rate for triple drip in cattle ?
Induction 1.0 mL/kg | Maintenance 2.5 mL/kg/hr
31
What is the induction and maintenance rate for a double drip ?
Induction 1.5-2.0 ml/kg | Maintenance 2.5 ml/kg/hr
32
How do you monitor anesthetic depth in cattle?
Reflexes | Eyeball rotated downwardly
33
What is the lead configuration used in cattle for ECG?
Lead 1 (base-apex) configuration White- right jugular furrow Black- cardiac apex Red- caudal to other leads
34
What is normal HR for cattle
60-90bpm
35
What is normal blood pressure for cattle?
SAP > 90mmHg; MAP > 70mmHg
36
What are analgesics used in cattle
Butorphanol /morphine Flunixine meglumine Meloxicam Ketofen
37
When should the ET tube be removed from the cow after anesthesia?
Remove only when attempting to chew Leave ET tube cuff inflated to prevent aspiration of saliva or regurge
38
T/F: sheep and goats are susceptible to hypotension if in dorsal recumbency
True
39
Why are A2 agonists contraindicated in sheep?
Hypoxemia associated with pulmonary parenchymal damage, endothelial damage, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, and interstitial edema
40
What locations are used for catheriztion in sheep?
Jugular (tough skin) Cephalic Saphenous Auricular
41
In sheep and goats, what is the dose of acepromazine for premedicaiton?
0.03-0.1 mg/kg | IV or IM
42
What is the dose of midazolam or diazepam for premed in sheep and goat anesthesia?
0.03-0.1 mg/kg
43
What are induction agents used in sheep anesthesia ?
``` Propofol Ketamine Ketamine/diazepam combo Telazol Thiopental ```
44
How should the sheep be positioned during intubation?
Hold head towards ceiling, head and neck extended straight up
45
What is the induction and maintenance flow rates for isoflurane and sevoflurane?
Induction 50-100 ml/kg/min Maintenance 20-50 ml/kg/min
46
What is normal HR for sheep under anesthesia?
90-130bpm
47
What is the minimum SAP and MAP for a sheep under anesthesia ?
SAP > 80mmHg | MAP > 60mmHg
48
How should you remove an ET tube in a sheep?
50-100 ml/kg/min -> fresh gas flow rate Position nose down Only remove when attempting to chew Remove still inflated —> prevent aspiration of saliva or regurge Usually stand without much ataxia
49
T/F: camelids have a 3 part stomach and are not susceptible to tympany, regurgitation, aspiration and pneumonia
False | The same susceptible to all these things
50
How and where should you place your catheter in a camelid?
Jugular - thick skin, cut down - values within jugular - Target lower or high: level of mandible or 5/6th cervical vertebra region - avoid carotid puncture