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RUSVM Anesthesiology > Special Species > Flashcards

Special Species Flashcards

1
Q

Most tiny animals have (high/low) metabolic rates

A

High

Mouse HR: 300-800
Mouse Resp: 100-200

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2
Q

Should you fast special species before anesthesia ?

A

No

Predisposed to hypoglycemia due to fast metabolic rates

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3
Q

Why are small animals predisposed to hypothermia?

A

Lose heat quickly because they have high body SA : weight ratio

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4
Q

T/F: mice and rabbits are obligate nasal breathers

A

True

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5
Q

What are indicators of stress in lab animals?

A 
Lack of grooming 
Hunched posture 
Decreased appetite or activity 
Aggression 
Vocalization
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6
Q

What are common routes of anestheric administration in lab animals ?

A

Intraperitoneal
Subcutaneous
Inhalational

IV

  • mice and rat: tail vein
  • rabbit: auricular or cephalic
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7
Q

What injectable anesthetic is most commonly used in lab animals

A

Ketamien

-combine with A2 agonsits or midazolam

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8
Q

How does the dosage in lab animals compare to other species?

A

Much higher dosages required in small animals due to hypermetabolic state

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9
Q

What agents are used for sedation in lab animals?

A

A2 agonist
-dexmedetomidine or xylazine

Benzodiazepines
-midazolam

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10
Q

What are the injectable induction agents in lab animals?

A

Ketamine with A2 agonists

Alfaxalone

Propofol

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11
Q

How do you intubate lab animals?

A

Very hard- mostly not performed

Small ET tub 2/3mm

  • blind
  • fiberoptic-guided
  • otoscope-guided
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12
Q

What type of breathing circuit is used in lab animals?

A

Small volume, non-rebreathing (has minimal resistance )

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13
Q

Opioids used in lab animals?

A

Buprenorphine

Butorphanol

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14
Q

NSAIDS used in lab animlas?

A

Carprofen

Meloxicam

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15
Q

How can you ensure good recovery in lab animals?

A 
Continue monitoring 
Warmth 
Fluids 
Food 
Analgesia
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16
Q

What can cause prolonged anesthetic recovery in ectotherms?

A

Body temperature

-> low temp-> low metabolism

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17
Q

What is the structure of the cardiopulmonary system in ectotherms?

A

3chambered heart (lizards, chelonians, and snake)

2 atria and 1ventricle

Systemic arterial BP is generally Lowe

18
Q

T/F: IM injections in the hindlimbs are the best method of medication in ectotherms?

A

False

AVOID IM injections in caudal body parts as they may cause nephrotoxicity / are rapidly excreted

Dual bloody supply to kindly -> renal portal system

19
Q

What type of ETT tube should be used in ectotherms?

A

Uncuffed - like birds, ectotherms have complete cartilage rings

20
Q

T/F: Ectotherms do not have a diaphragm, therefore the intercostal, pectoral, and abdominal muscles are used to facilitate breathing

A

True

21
Q

How should you restrain a snake?

A

Behind the head and then the rest of the body

For venomous snakes, use hoo/tongs and place head in non=permeable container

22
Q

In what type of snake can you intubate, and why would this be better than gas anesthetics?

A

Nonvenomous snakes

Faster induction

23
Q

What are the injectable anestherics used in snakes?

A

Ketamine (30min induction, 2hr-2day recovery)

Medetomidine
-reverse with atipamezole

24
Q

In turtles/tortoises, their shell wis about 50% of their body mass. If you include their body mass in your calculations for drugs, do you used the high or low range of the dose

A

Low range

-shell is biologically inactive

25
Q

What are the drugs used in turtles along with their challenges?

A

Ketamine (IM)
-long recovery

Propofol (IV)

Gas anesthesia
- will hold breath and as a result take long to be anesthetized

26
Q

How are crocodiles immobilized?

A

Trap/snare

Then injection

  • ketamine and medetomidine (partially reversible)
  • succinylcholine
  • gallamine

Do not dart in water—> drowning

27
Q

Succinylcholine MOA?

A

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker

  • depolarize muscle fiber and make it resistant to further stimulation by ACh
28
Q

Is succinylcholine reversible

A

Nope

Diffuses out of synapse over time

29
Q

Succinylcholine can be combined with _________________To reduce stress

A

Diazepam

30
Q

Gallamine MOA

A

Competitive non-depolarizing neuromuscular agent -> blocks binding of ACh receptor

31
Q

Does gallamine provide any analgesia?

A

Nope

Paralytic - animal is still concours and feels pain

32
Q

Is gallamine reversible?

A

Yes

Neostigmine —> inhibits acetylcholinesterase —> ACh increases and competes with gallamine for ACh

33
Q

What can you use to reverse neostigmine in case you have overdosed and have excessive parasympathetic stimulation?

A

Atropine/glycopyrolate

34
Q

Excessive handling can make the crocodile prone to??

A

Stress and myopathy

35
Q

How should crocodiles recover from anesthesia

A

Placed on dry land, facing water

Depending on restraint method, may take up to 2hrs to recover

36
Q

What is the fasting time for frogs and toads?

A

None

Fasting is not necessary

37
Q

What are the anesthesia options for frogs and toads?

A

MS-222 immersion
Topical application of sevoflurane or isoflurane in KY jelly

Injectables - ketamine and A2 agonsit (associated with high mortality)

38
Q

What is the fasting time for fish undergoing anesthesia?

A

12-24hrs

-risk of regurgitation

39
Q

What are the anesthesia options in fish?

A

MS-222 immersion

Inhalation anesthetic flow-by

40
Q

How can you monitor anesthetic depth in fish?

A

Jaw tone
Righting reflex
Heartbeat can be visualized
Gill movements for respiration

41
Q

What do you do for recovery of fish from anesthesia ?

A

Transfer to aerated anesthetic-free recovery tank/chambers

RUSVM Anesthesiology (32 decks)

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