Special Species Flashcards
Most tiny animals have (high/low) metabolic rates
High
Mouse HR: 300-800
Mouse Resp: 100-200
Should you fast special species before anesthesia ?
No
Predisposed to hypoglycemia due to fast metabolic rates
Why are small animals predisposed to hypothermia?
Lose heat quickly because they have high body SA : weight ratio
T/F: mice and rabbits are obligate nasal breathers
True
What are indicators of stress in lab animals?
Lack of grooming Hunched posture Decreased appetite or activity Aggression Vocalization
What are common routes of anestheric administration in lab animals ?
Intraperitoneal
Subcutaneous
Inhalational
IV
- mice and rat: tail vein
- rabbit: auricular or cephalic
What injectable anesthetic is most commonly used in lab animals
Ketamien
-combine with A2 agonsits or midazolam
How does the dosage in lab animals compare to other species?
Much higher dosages required in small animals due to hypermetabolic state
What agents are used for sedation in lab animals?
A2 agonist
-dexmedetomidine or xylazine
Benzodiazepines
-midazolam
What are the injectable induction agents in lab animals?
Ketamine with A2 agonists
Alfaxalone
Propofol
How do you intubate lab animals?
Very hard- mostly not performed
Small ET tub 2/3mm
- blind
- fiberoptic-guided
- otoscope-guided
What type of breathing circuit is used in lab animals?
Small volume, non-rebreathing (has minimal resistance )
Opioids used in lab animals?
Buprenorphine
Butorphanol
NSAIDS used in lab animlas?
Carprofen
Meloxicam
How can you ensure good recovery in lab animals?
Continue monitoring Warmth Fluids Food Analgesia
What can cause prolonged anesthetic recovery in ectotherms?
Body temperature
-> low temp-> low metabolism
What is the structure of the cardiopulmonary system in ectotherms?
3chambered heart (lizards, chelonians, and snake)
2 atria and 1ventricle
Systemic arterial BP is generally Lowe
T/F: IM injections in the hindlimbs are the best method of medication in ectotherms?
False
AVOID IM injections in caudal body parts as they may cause nephrotoxicity / are rapidly excreted
Dual bloody supply to kindly -> renal portal system
What type of ETT tube should be used in ectotherms?
Uncuffed - like birds, ectotherms have complete cartilage rings
T/F: Ectotherms do not have a diaphragm, therefore the intercostal, pectoral, and abdominal muscles are used to facilitate breathing
True
How should you restrain a snake?
Behind the head and then the rest of the body
For venomous snakes, use hoo/tongs and place head in non=permeable container
In what type of snake can you intubate, and why would this be better than gas anesthetics?
Nonvenomous snakes
Faster induction
What are the injectable anestherics used in snakes?
Ketamine (30min induction, 2hr-2day recovery)
Medetomidine
-reverse with atipamezole
In turtles/tortoises, their shell wis about 50% of their body mass. If you include their body mass in your calculations for drugs, do you used the high or low range of the dose
Low range
-shell is biologically inactive
What are the drugs used in turtles along with their challenges?
Ketamine (IM)
-long recovery
Propofol (IV)
Gas anesthesia
- will hold breath and as a result take long to be anesthetized
How are crocodiles immobilized?
Trap/snare
Then injection
- ketamine and medetomidine (partially reversible)
- succinylcholine
- gallamine
Do not dart in water—> drowning
Succinylcholine MOA?
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
- depolarize muscle fiber and make it resistant to further stimulation by ACh
Is succinylcholine reversible
Nope
Diffuses out of synapse over time
Succinylcholine can be combined with _________________To reduce stress
Diazepam
Gallamine MOA
Competitive non-depolarizing neuromuscular agent -> blocks binding of ACh receptor
Does gallamine provide any analgesia?
Nope
Paralytic - animal is still concours and feels pain
Is gallamine reversible?
Yes
Neostigmine —> inhibits acetylcholinesterase —> ACh increases and competes with gallamine for ACh
What can you use to reverse neostigmine in case you have overdosed and have excessive parasympathetic stimulation?
Atropine/glycopyrolate
Excessive handling can make the crocodile prone to??
Stress and myopathy
How should crocodiles recover from anesthesia
Placed on dry land, facing water
Depending on restraint method, may take up to 2hrs to recover
What is the fasting time for frogs and toads?
None
Fasting is not necessary
What are the anesthesia options for frogs and toads?
MS-222 immersion
Topical application of sevoflurane or isoflurane in KY jelly
Injectables - ketamine and A2 agonsit (associated with high mortality)
What is the fasting time for fish undergoing anesthesia?
12-24hrs
-risk of regurgitation
What are the anesthesia options in fish?
MS-222 immersion
Inhalation anesthetic flow-by
How can you monitor anesthetic depth in fish?
Jaw tone
Righting reflex
Heartbeat can be visualized
Gill movements for respiration
What do you do for recovery of fish from anesthesia ?
Transfer to aerated anesthetic-free recovery tank/chambers
