Z.A. Bhutto (1972-77) Flashcards
What was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s first major achievement after coming to power?
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s first major achievement after coming to power was the preparation and approval of the 1973 Constitution, accepted by all major political parties in Pakistan.
When was the 1973 Constitution approved, and when did it come into effect?
The 1973 Constitution was approved on April 10, 1973, and came into effect on August 14, 1973.
Who was appointed as Prime Minister and President under the 1973 Constitution?
- Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto -> Prime Minister
- Fazal Elahi Chaudhry -> President.
Name two features of the 1973 Constitution regarding Pakistan’s state identity and the legislature.
- Declared Pakistan as the Islamic Republic;
- established a bicameral legislature with the National Assembly and the Senate.
What rights and duties did the 1973 Constitution guarantee for citizens?
- Rights to life, liberty, equality, freedom of speech, trade, and association; duties of loyalty to the Republic and obedience to the law.
What was the purpose of Bhutto’s “Nationalization and Economic Reforms Order (NERO)”?
the purpose of Bhutto’s “Nationalization and Economic Reforms Order (NERO)” was to nationalize major industries, assert public ownership, and satisfy labor unions
Describe the three stages of Bhutto’s nationalization program.
- 1972: Nationalized heavy industries (e.g., steel, engineering).
- 1974: Nationalized banking and financial sectors.
- 1976: Nationalized cotton, ginning, and rice husking units.
What were the negative impacts of the nationalization policy?
the negative impacts of the nationalization policy were:
- Economic damage
- reduced investor confidence
- opposition from the United States.
What were the land ownership limits set in 1972 under Bhutto’s agricultural reforms?
The land ownership limits set in 1972 under Bhutto’s agricultural reforms was 150 acres for irrigated land and 300 acres for unirrigated land.
Why were Bhutto’s agricultural reforms limited in impact?
- Landowners circumvented regulations, and tenants were often evicted to prevent security of tenure.
What was the literacy rate in Pakistan during Bhutto’s reforms, and what steps were taken to improve it?
- The literacy rate in Pakistan during Bhutto’s reforms was 25%.
- Nearly all schools and colleges were nationalized, and many new educational institutions were established.
Name two universities established during Bhutto’s era.
The two universities established during Bhutto’s era were:
- Quaid-e-Azam University
- Allama Iqbal Open University
What healthcare infrastructure did Bhutto’s health reforms introduce?
Bhutto’s health reforms introduced Rural Health Centers (RHCs) and Basic Health Units (BHUs) to improve healthcare access.
How did Bhutto’s health reforms impact medicine availability?
- Bhutto’s health reforms impacted medicine availability as it banned branded medicine sales, reducing costs, and made medicines available without prescriptions
What was the purpose of the Second Islamic Summit Conference held in Lahore in 1974?
The purpose of the Second Islamic Summit Conference held in Lahore in 1974 was to discuss the Middle East situation and the oil embargo imposed by Arabs following the 1973 Arab-Israel war.
