Bhuttos reforms Flashcards
What was one of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s first steps to establish civil supremacy over the armed forces?
Bhutto limited the military’s intervention in government by replacing high-ranking officials, including Air Chief Marshall Rahim Khan and General Gul Hassan, within his first four months in power
How did Bhutto maintain control over the armed forces after dismissing high-ranking officials?
Bhutto maintained control over the armed forces after dismissing high-ranking officials as:
- He promoted individuals loyal to him
- Appointing General Tikka Khan as Chief of Army Staff a newly created position
- Later appointing General Zia-ul-Haq to the same post.
What significant constitutional development did Bhutto introduce in 1973?
- Bhutto introduced the 1973 Constitution, based on the 1956 Constitution, with a parliamentary democracy framework, providing for equal provincial representation and establishing the Senate.
Why is the 1973 Constitution considered successful?
1973 CONSTITUTION successful as:
- It unified political factions with all-party consensus
- Offered representation for minority provinces
- Remains in force to date, despite two suspensions during martial law.
What educational reforms did Bhutto implement to improve literacy and access?
- Bhutto nationalized schools to provide free education up to the intermediate level and aimed to double literacy by 25 percent, intending to build an educated and confident youth.
What were Bhutto’s main goals for health reforms in Pakistan?
Bhutto aimed to expand healthcare by establishing Rural Health Centres and Basic Health Units and mandating a year of service in these facilities for new doctors.
How did Bhutto address the affordability of medicines in his health reforms?
Bhutto addressed the affordability of medicines in his health reforms as:
- He forbade the sale of medicines under brand names to lower costs
- Affecting chemists’ profits and leading some international drug companies to close operations in Pakistan.
What limitations did Bhutto face in implementing educational and health reforms?
EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
- There was overcrowding in schools
- slow construction of new schools
- high costs hindered educational improvements
HEALTHCARE REFORMS:
- healthcare reforms were challenged by doctor shortages and operational issues.
How did Bhutto’s military control reforms ultimately prove limited?
Despite controlling key appointments, Bhutto’s reforms couldn’t prevent General Zia-ul-Haq, his appointed Chief of Army Staff, from overthrowing him and declaring martial law in 1977.
Why is the 1973 Constitution considered Bhutto’s most successful reform?
The 1973 Constitution’s endurance through multiple suspensions reflects its strong foundation and impact, marking it as Bhutto’s lasting contribution to Pakistan’s governance structure.
