yup, I'm fucked. just kill me 8 Flashcards by Alex Wang

Q

Germany after WW2

A

SPILT into 4 parts. one governed by Russia. eventually became a communist
- Iron curtain

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Q

Cold War (1940-85)

A

The Cold War was a time of intense rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted for over 40 years after World War II. During this period, the two superpowers never fought each other directly, but they competed for global influence through other conflicts, nuclear threats, and a battle of ideas. The Cold War shaped how America dealt with the world and defined the U.S.’s role as a global power.

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Q

Truman Documents

A

the containment of communism by lending support to any country that was threatened by Soviet communism.
A result of pressure on turkey on Greece

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Q

Containment

A

The containment of communism.M

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Q

Winston Churchill

A

Gave the Iron Curtain Speech
- The split between the east and west Europe. Communism and democracy

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Q

Marshal Plan

A

Allocated 13 hundred billion dollars for European countries to rebuilt.
- provided all the resources.
- If nations had a healthy economy, they would be more likely to opt for democracy
- Stopped communist influence
- created stronger ties

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Q

Berlin Blockaded

A

The blockage by Russia on west Berlin that blocked all supplies. canals. roads
goal; absorb Berlin into communism
- Blocked Berlin because western powers had too much influence with their democracy
- Russia obviously wanted to absorb Berlin into the Soviet occupation

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Q

Berlin Airlift

A

Basically flew in thousands of pounds of supplies everyday to the west Berlin men during the Berlin blockade.
- prevented the Russia from taking over the city

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Q

NATO

A

An organization that was formed; military alliance to avoid any aggressive action from the Soviet union
- helped contain communism
- America would help western europe
- Unified Military
- an attack on one is an attack on all

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Q

Warsaw pact

A

Same thing for communist Europe
- USSR

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Q

bombs. / Arms Races

A

America bomb, spy, Russia bomb, America bigger bomb, spy, Russia bigger bomb,

Basically both countries kept on stock pilling bombs. Fear of nuclear war.

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Q

Proxy Wars.

A

Although their weren’t any real wars. there were proxy wars

One thing stands for another thing

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Q

Korean War

A

A proxy war 1950
- was divided by the 38th parallel
- Soviets North, Us South
- North KOrean invaded South Korea,
UN decided to support the south by giving them troops
- The US almost won, they pushed back all the North all the way to the borders of CHINA
- CHina then helped out and sent troops to propel the south back to the 38th parallel

Important Things To Know:
- A direct result of Trumans containment policy
-

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Q

Cold War in China 1948-50

A

After World War II, China was torn apart by fighting between two groups:
- Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists, who had America’s support and money
- Mao Zedong’s Communists, who were popular with many Chinese farmers
Chiang’s group lost bc of corruption and and terrible inflation. Fleed to Taiwan.
Mao won and formed a communist alliance with Russia.

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Q

Red Scare (2nd one) after WWII

A

Another communist hysteria, mainly bc of the USSR, the US did a lot of isolate it abroad and at home

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Q

Labor Unions (red scare)

&

Taft Hartley Act

&

Federal Employee and Loyalty security Act

A

Federal government made labor unions pledge loyalty and swear they weren’t communist

Taft Hartley Act 1947: response to Massive waves of labor strikes, it made it more difficult to strike. Union leaders had to pledge.
- Making it illegal to require workers to join a union before being hired (called a “closed shop”)
- Allowing states to pass “right to work” laws that banned requiring workers to join unions
- Prohibiting certain union tactics like secondary boycotts (when multiple unions support a striking union)
- Giving the president power to delay strikes that threatened national safety

FELSA: An executive order passed by Truman that made federal employees pledge that they weren’t communist or fascist

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Q

McCarren Internal Secruity Act 50

A

Made it illegal to support a government that didn’t allow democracy
Allowed the government to set up camps to hold people they thought were dangerous
Detain suspected communist

Truman tried to veto it.
Later many of these would be stopped bc it was unconstitutional

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Q

Trumans Loyalty Board Review 1947

A

, President Truman set up a Loyalty Review Board because Republicans were pressuring him to do something about potential communists in the government. This program:

Checked the backgrounds of more than 3 million people who worked for the federal government
Used the FBI to dig into employees’ personal lives and connections
Looked for workers who might have ties to communist or other “un-American” groups
Led to hundreds of government employees losing their jobs or quitting

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Q

Un-American Activities Committee (post WWII)

A

Investigated suspected communist ties, targeting Hollywood and government officials.
Basically searched for communist influence in every crack of American society.
- ppl feared hollywood bc they thought that communist could go and spread their message to everyone on film

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Q

Joseph McCarthy & McCarthyism

A

A senator that gave a speech in 1950 where he claimed to have over 200 names of Communist members in Government.
- Furthered the communist hysteria
- Led anti-communist investigations, making baseless accusations of communist infiltration in the government.

This give rise to the term McCarthyism; making claims without evidence

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Q

Roseburg Case (1949)

A

A case on espionage bc Russia tested their first atomic bomb and Americans believed of them stealing information.

A couple was trialed and bc they were a part of the communist party, they were executed

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Q

Cuban War 1960

A

Kennedy approved a CIA plan to overthrow Fidel Castro’s Communist government in Cuba. The plan used Cuban exiles who opposed Castro. The operation was a complete disaster:

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Q

Berlin Wall 1961

A

the East German government built the Berlin Wall to stop their citizens from escaping to West Berlin. Kennedy visited Berlin and gave his famous speech where he said “Ich bin ein Berliner” (“I am a Berliner”), showing America’s strong support for West Berlin and its freedom.

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Q

Nixon and China 1970s

A

Nixon made a surprising and historic visit to Communist China, ending decades of no contact between the countries. This smart diplomatic move:
After China and Russia became enemies
- Started the process of normal relations with China
- Created a way to pressure the Soviets by playing the two Communist powers against each other
- Forced the Soviet Union to be more willing to discuss arms control
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

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Post War Economic Boom

1945, the United States was in a much better position than other countries. American cities and factories hadn't been bombed, and our manufacturing had actually grown stronger during the war. With soldiers coming home and starting families, new government programs helping veterans, and people eager to buy products that weren't available during the war, the economy took off.

G.I Bill

Helped many veterans start lives after the war. improved veteran lives. - Money for college education, which more than 2 million veterans used - Low-interest loans to buy homes or start businesses - Money to live on while looking for work (for up to one year) These benefits helped veterans get better jobs and buy homes, which created a larger middle class.

Consumerism after War

After WWII many ppl were eager to buy new things like Dior! With steady jobs and rising wages, families purchased homes, cars, refrigerators, washing machines, and televisions in record numbers. This shopping spree was fueled by: - Saving money during the war cause their wasn't much to buy - New manufacturing techniques that made products cheaper - More people using credit cards and payment plans to buy big items - TV and magazine ads promoting new products - New technologies like television and plastics creating exciting product

Baby Boom

After the war America had a huge rate of births. - Soldiers came home and wanted families. - the strong economy made it easier to support children - People started getting married younger - New appliances made taking care of a home somewhat easier The baby booms generation was so large that their need for baby things and habits drove the economy for decades

Suburban Growth & Sun Belt

Not suburban legends by Taylor swift, its different. - New neighborhoods around cities were built for the middle class. Reasons: - There weren't enough houses after the war - Government programs made it easier to - buy homes with small down payments - Growing families wanted yards and more space for children - New highways made it possible to live farther from work - Many people wanted to own their own homes Sunbelt: Ppl seeking opportunities in the defense industry. Or ppl just wanted the warmth of the sun. oil tech lower cost of living, lower tax those seats gained more in congress

Truman 53 VS Eisenhower 61 VS Kennedy 63

Truman (fair deal): Dem - Expand Social Security to more people - Create national health insurance - Build more public housing - Pass civil rights laws - Raise the minimum wage Eisenhower (Modern Republicanism) Rep; careful with government spending -Extended Social Security to 10 million more Americans - Raised the minimum wage - Created the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare - Kept most New Deal programs instead of eliminating them Kennedy: New Frontier; addressed social problems - Federal money for education - Medical care for elderly people - Programs to improve cities - Civil rights legislation

Culture after wwII

Television changed American lives, New music shopping habits

Television

Became a central life of the American person Appeared rapidly in many living rooms. Information traveled easier, ppl could learn Abt current events - It brought entertainment directly into people's homes with comedies, dramas, variety shows, and sports - News programs helped Americans see events happening around the country and world - Politicians could now speak directly to voters in their living rooms - TV created national celebrities that everyone recognized - Advertising on TV helped companies sell products to millions of viewers at once

Women and Feminine Mystique Period!

A book that influenced women to challenge traditional norms. After WWII women became more traditional. - Challenged the idea that women can only be happy by having kids and be domestic basically. - encouraged women to seek identity and purpose beyond the home, seek education, work, personal growth

Truman Civil Rights

First modern president to use his power to challenge social discrimination. - Created the committee on Civil rights

Committee on Civil Rights

Looked into discrimination and suggest solutions The committee found: - Getting rid of poll taxes that stopped many Black citizens from voting - Creating federal laws against lynching - Ending segregation in the military and federal government Truman ordered the military to desegreagate - made the social department stronger - efforts to end school segregation

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

The leading organization that fought for civil rights. Fought in the court and used the 14th amendment. for decades they fought against the Plessy V Ferguson case that allowed separate but equal facilities - Picking strong cases with people the public could sympathize with - Building legal arguments based on the Constitution - Gathering evidence showing how segregation harmed Black people - Working through lower courts to eventually reach the Supreme Court

Brown V Board of education 54

the biggest victory of the NAACP. Desegregated schools This was met with southern resistance, using a myriad of ways. private segregated academies. violence and threats to keep black students out Southern Manifesto, claimed that supreme court overstepped their power

The green book

A guidebook for black ppl that would tell them which places were safe.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott 55

The boycott that Rosa parks did. OThers started to boycott the station too. ended with the segreation being unconstitutional - showed the power of minority groups and economic pressure.

MLK

the most influential black leader during this time. brought national awareness on Civil right issues. advocated for non-violent resistance. -

Some other groups

Southern Christian Leadership Conference Student Nonviolent coordinating committee

new waves of activism in the 60's

college students, sit ins, other stuff ig

Eisenhower Doctrine

provide aid to countries in the middle east threatened by communism

Vietnam War 50-70

After france failing to takeover Vietnam it was divided into north (communism) and south (democratic) American supported south Eisenhower used his dominao theory; - If South Vietnam fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall one after another, like a row of dominoes - Eventually, communism could spread throughout Southeast Asia to countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and even Australia

Kennedy

When K became president the situation in viet was getting worse. he carried on with Eisenhower's policy, where he sent no troops. he - increased military advisors. - expanded economic aid to viet. the south viet leader was becoming unpop with his ppl - bc of this, K approved of a plan for him to get overthrown, a uprising. - after the coup, K was also killed 63

Johnson in the war

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Authorized the president to take "all necessary measures" to protect American forces and prevent further aggression. Gave Johnson broad powers to conduct military operations without a formal declaration of war - after viet torpedo boats attacked an A ship, president Johnson used this incident to rally up Congress. - Johnson sent us combat troops to fight in the war - Massive bombing campaigns

war resistance at home 67

A strong anti-war movement was rising in the US. ppl thought the war was morally wrong, others questioned if viet was truly important. - young men didn't want to be drafted. - Saw it as Americna Imperlaism College students began protesting on campus. -

The Tet Offensive

A major turning point in the war. North launched an attack on south on NEw years. There were heavy losses after the south repelled it. This was aired on television and it shook the American public. the graphic images. The credibility gap dropped

Nixon

Nixon won the election on the promise of ending the war. - used vietnamization

Vietnamization

- Gradually withdraw American troops from Vietnam - Build up South Vietnam's military so they could fight the war themselves - Continue bombing and other military pressure on North Vietnam - Negotiate a peace agreement that would allow the U.S. to leave "with honor"

Nixon Doctrine

which stated that Asian allies would receive American support but would need to provide their own ground troops in future conflicts.

Paris Peace Accords 1973

- Provided for a ceasefire between North and South Vietnam - Required the withdrawal of all U.S. forces - Arranged for the return of American prisoners of war - Called for future elections and peaceful reunification of Vietnam allowed for the US to exit the war but it didn't bring peace. Vietnam continued fighting

Johnsons great society

Johnson enacted reforms to eliminate poverty, reduce inequality, and Improve QOF. A large scale reform movement basically

Poverty under the great society

Created many programs to counteract poverty. provided education to children, jobs to ppl, free assistance to the poor.S

Social reforms under the great society

Civil rights act: Prohibted discrimination based on color, race, gender, nationally, mEdicar: Health insurance for old age ppl Voting rights: eliminated barriers that Prohibited blacks from voting environmental protections, lower student loans Child nutrition act highway safety act

Immigration reforms in the GS

Replaced the national origins quota emphasized family reunification - eliminated discrimination against southern and eastern europeans - created more opportunities for immigrants seeking jobs

The other side of the GS

reduced poverty but for blacks it wasn't as significant - encounrted funding limitations bc of the Vietnam war - faced criticism from conservatives regarding effectiveness and cost - government was too involved in ppls life - the acts were too expensive and costly

60s activism

The 1960s marked a pivatol turning point for activism. Tactics like campaigns of direct action, nonviolent protest, and legal challenges that transformed American society and secured landmark legislation guaranteeing basic civil rights. Leaders of this era was MLK. Confronted segregation directly

The Birmingham campaign

a massive protest in Birmingham alabama, - Challenge segregation laws and to end racial injustices, King was arrested and in the jail is where he wrote the steps to non-violent protest

Non Violent Protest Strats

Economic Boycotts -> Montgomery Bus Boycott Sit ins -> Greensburo lunch counter Freedom Riders -> interstate bus travel Mass Demonstrations -> Birmingham campaign Jail ins -> Fill the jails campaigns

March on Washington

Civil right leaders joined in W to advocate for rights and freedoms Kings I have a dream speech

Bloody Sunday

Civil rights marchers were brutally attacked by police while crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The violence led to national outrage and support for voting rights

Voting Rights Act of 1965

- Banned literacy tests in states and counties with low voter participation - Dispatched federal registrars to ensure African Americans could register to vote - Required federal approval for changes to voting laws in areas with histories of discrimination - Resulted in dramatic increases in Black voter registration across the South By the end of the decade, the percentage of eligible African Americans registered to vote rose from 40% to 65%

Black Nationalism and Black Power

A movement advocating for Black pride, self-sufficiency, and in some cases, separatism. It gained popularity in the late 1960s A militant organization founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale that focused on self-defense and community programs. It provided free breakfast programs and monitored police brutality

Other reforms

THe civil rights movement inspired other minority groups to fight for their rights. Women, LGBTQ+, Latino Americans,

United Farm Workers (UFW)

A Latino civil rights movement that was led by cesar Chavaz. Organized boycotts to improve working conditions Chicago movement Latinos fought for their rights, rejected assimilation, celebrated their cultural heritage.

The Women movement

A second wave of feminism movement. - Book of mystique - National Organization of Women - Equal pay - Activist challenged gender norms and discrimination -

Equal pay act of 1963

equal pay for equal work

Counter Culture

A movement where young ppl reject the traditions that rejected mainstream American values and lifestyles. These "hippies" questioned materialism, competition, and traditional career paths, instead promoting peace, love, and personal freedom. They experimented with new ways of living that shocked their parents' generation and permanently changed American culture.

New Left

The New Left was a political movement led by college students who wanted to create a more equal and democratic society. Unlike their parents' generation, these young activists criticized both conservative and mainstream liberal politics. They believed America needed fundamental changes to address problems like poverty, racism, and militarism, not just small policy adjustments.

Sexual Revolution

1960s brought dramatic changes in how Americans viewed sex and relationships. The introduction of the birth control pill gave women more control over pregnancy, while young people increasingly questioned the idea that sex should only happen within marriage. These changes created more personal freedom but also sparked strong opposition from religious and conservative groups.

Modern Environmentalism

growing public awareness about the harmful effects of industrial pollution and chemical use on ecosystems and human health - Silent springs exposed the dangers of pesticides - Growing En led to the creation of Earth Day -

Clean Air Act Clean Water Act Endangered Species Act

established national air quality standards and emissions limits regulated pollutant discharges into waterways protected threatened and endangered plants and animals

Energy Crisis

The oil-rich nations of the Middle East, already angry with the United States for devaluing the dollar (the currency used to purchase oil) determined to exact their revenge with an oil embargo. Lines miles-long formed at gas stations. The United States consumed one third of the world's oil, and its citizens quickly discovered just how much of daily life depended on cheap oil.

Nuclear Power Debates

Fear of accidental meltdowns Three Mile Island Accident \ Environemetal degradation radioactive leak. caused public fear, sparked rise to border environmental concerns.

Stagflation

High inflation (rapid rise in prices) High unemployment (many people out of work) Slow economic growth (stagnant economy) in the 70s war from Vietnam and also the social programs at home was formed when opec declared an embargo on America in retaliation for their support of Israel. - oil prices 4x Gas was expensive unemployment

Interstate Highway Act

Fast moving highways that allowed people to travel all over the places. Allowed for transportation urban to suburban to anywhere.

Credibility Gap

Johnson was lying about the war. He painted it

1968 election and the old vs new

Nixon won it by campaigning for a number of reasons. He emphasized the theme of “law and order,” which he understood would appeal to the “silent majority,” those white middle-class Americans anxious and fearful of radical social change Law and order was used to crack down on student protesters, activist and basically anyone who challenged the status quo. embraced the southern strategy old dems from the Great depression age vs new dems new ones typically focused on social issues while old focused on economical issues