Yr 10 Yearly Flashcards
Structure of Earth and Features
Crust - outer layer
Mantle - layer of rock
Outer Core - liquid
Inner Core - solid from extreme pressure
Continental Drift and Evidence
- Continents once joined in land mass called Pangea
- Split into Laurasia and Gondwana
- Proposed by Alfred Wegner
Evidence: - geologiacl features
- Jigsaw
- fossils
- glacial deposits
What causes the movement of plates?
Heat from core rises and cools creating convection currents, pushing the plates.
There are 3 types: divergent, convergent and transfomation.
What is a subduction zone?
Plates collide and one is pushed under the other, melting underneath. The pressure of the newly melted tectonic plate pushes up magma, to erupt from volcanoes.
Where do volcanoes and earthquakes occur?
on plate boundaries.
Volcanoes: hotspots or subduction zones most often.
Parts of volcano
Magma Chamber
Side Vent
Ash Cloud
Conduit
Crust
Vent
Lava
Volcanic Formations
Dikes - vertical formations when magma squeezes between 2 layers of rock.
Sills - horizontal formations where magma squeezes between rocks.
Craters-‘young volcanoes’
Cones - main parts of volcano
Three types of seismic waves
P waves - longitudinal, solids and liquids
S waves - transverse, medium, solids
L waves - transverse and longitudinal, slow, across surface.
Seismo…
Seismometers - detects earthquake energy
Seismograph - records detected energy
Seismogram - the graph created by the seismograph.
Epicentre vs Focus
Focus - exact point of earthquake underground
Epicentre - Point on surface above earthquake.
Current + Voltage + Resistance
Current: the flow of electrons through a conductor, measured in Amps (A)
Voltage: the force that pushes electrons through a circuit, measures in volts (V)
Resistance: measures how much electricity can travel through an object, measures in Ohms (funky O)
Difference between AC and DC current
DC: electrons flow in one direction, always consistent.
AC: electrons switch flowing directions
How does a variable resistor work?
Slides a contact over a resistive element, restricting the circuit more or less.
Resistors in everyday life
- fan speed controller
- temperature sensor
- mobile charger
Ohm’s Law
V on IR
Series vs Parallel circuits
Series:
- spaced around within the same circuit
- lamps turn on and off at the same time
- more lamps added, dimmer they get
Parallel:
- lamps within their own seperate circuit
- lamps can be turned on and off independently
- energy not shared - all get the full amount of circuit
Ammeter vs Voltmeter
Ammeter: measures amount of electrical current flowing
Voltmeter: measured amount of energy lost or gained in circuit.
Three main types of fossil fuels and renewable fuels
- coal
- crude oil
- natural gas
-solar
-wind - hydro
What is evolution?
The process which different organisms have developed
Evidence for evolution
Comparative embryology
Comparative anatomy
DNA
Fossils
Geographical Distribution
Fossil
The remains or imprints of a prehistoric plant or animal, preserved in petrified form.
Comparative Embryology
There are different stages of embryo growth, and the beginning stages a similar between varying species. As it develops, contrasting species will be different, and slowly the similar species will grow differently in later stages.
Comparative Anatomy
The bone structure between species can be similar in certain components due to evolution, which slowly adapts to suit its environment better.
Homologous structures: structures have similar shapes and sizes, but for different functions.
Analogous structures: Structures possessed by different species that are adapted to perform the same function.
DNA comparison
By comparing the genome sequences of different organisms, researchers can understand what distinguishes different life forms from each other. Isolating these genes shows the similarities and differences between organisms due to evolution.
Fossil comparison
Fossil records are one of the most well-known pieces of evidence for evolution. Impressions closer to the surface are younger and more similar to current organisms today, and fossils found deeper are older and more closely related to animals currently extinct.
Geographical distribution
organisms in different geographical areas are distinctly different,due to speciation and the breeding process of natural selection.
Formation of fossils
Needs:
- quick burial
- build up of sediment
- heat, time and pressure
Charles Darwin contribution
- theorised natural selection (survival of the fittest)
- Darwins finches
Jean Baptiste Lamarack’s Contribution
- proposed theory or acquired characteristics
- characteristics experienced by an organism in their lifetime would be passed onto their offspring.
Antibiotic Resistance
- happens when microbes evolve to resist the effects of drugs/antibiotics designed to kill them.
- infections are harder to treat
- higher medical costs
- increased mortality/illness.
MRSA
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: A strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
What is ‘gene flow’ and ‘speciation’
Gene flow: movement of genetic material from one population to another, geographically transferring.
Speciation: process where one species splits into two, responsible for formation of new species.
Types of isolation mechanisms
Temporal isolation: mating occurs at different times of the year
Behavioural isolation: mismatches in mating traits prevent mating
Mechanical isolation: a physical mating incompatibility between reproductive organs.
Types of speciation
Allopatric Speciation: speciation occurring when biological populations are geographically isolated from one another.
Sympatric Speciation:
