Yr 10 Yearly

Question 1

Structure of Earth and Features

Answer 1

Crust - outer layer
Mantle - layer of rock
Outer Core - liquid
Inner Core - solid from extreme pressure

Question 2

Continental Drift and Evidence

Answer 2

• Continents once joined in land mass called Pangea
• Split into Laurasia and Gondwana
• Proposed by Alfred Wegner
  Evidence:
• geologiacl features
• Jigsaw
• fossils
• glacial deposits

Question 3

What causes the movement of plates?

Answer 3

Heat from core rises and cools creating convection currents, pushing the plates.
There are 3 types: divergent, convergent and transfomation.

Question 4

What is a subduction zone?

Answer 4

Plates collide and one is pushed under the other, melting underneath. The pressure of the newly melted tectonic plate pushes up magma, to erupt from volcanoes.

Question 5

Where do volcanoes and earthquakes occur?

Answer 5

on plate boundaries.
Volcanoes: hotspots or subduction zones most often.

Question 6

Parts of volcano

Answer 6

Magma Chamber
Side Vent
Ash Cloud
Conduit
Crust
Vent
Lava

Question 7

Volcanic Formations

Answer 7

Dikes - vertical formations when magma squeezes between 2 layers of rock.
Sills - horizontal formations where magma squeezes between rocks.
Craters-‘young volcanoes’
Cones - main parts of volcano

Question 8

Three types of seismic waves

Answer 8

P waves - longitudinal, solids and liquids
S waves - transverse, medium, solids
L waves - transverse and longitudinal, slow, across surface.

Question 9

Seismo…

Answer 9

Seismometers - detects earthquake energy
Seismograph - records detected energy
Seismogram - the graph created by the seismograph.

Question 10

Epicentre vs Focus

Answer 10

Focus - exact point of earthquake underground
Epicentre - Point on surface above earthquake.

Question 11

Current + Voltage + Resistance

Answer 11

Current: the flow of electrons through a conductor, measured in Amps (A)
Voltage: the force that pushes electrons through a circuit, measures in volts (V)
Resistance: measures how much electricity can travel through an object, measures in Ohms (funky O)

Question 12

Difference between AC and DC current

Answer 12

DC: electrons flow in one direction, always consistent.
AC: electrons switch flowing directions

Question 13

How does a variable resistor work?

Answer 13

Slides a contact over a resistive element, restricting the circuit more or less.

Question 14

Resistors in everyday life

Answer 14

• fan speed controller
• temperature sensor
• mobile charger

Question 15

Ohm’s Law

Answer 15

V on IR

Question 16

Series vs Parallel circuits

Answer 16

Series:
- spaced around within the same circuit
- lamps turn on and off at the same time
- more lamps added, dimmer they get
Parallel:
- lamps within their own seperate circuit
- lamps can be turned on and off independently
- energy not shared - all get the full amount of circuit

Question 17

Ammeter vs Voltmeter

Answer 17

Ammeter: measures amount of electrical current flowing
Voltmeter: measured amount of energy lost or gained in circuit.

Question 18

Three main types of fossil fuels and renewable fuels

Answer 18

• coal
• crude oil
• natural gas
  -solar
  -wind
• hydro

Question 19

What is evolution?

Answer 19

The process which different organisms have developed

Question 20

Evidence for evolution

Answer 20

Comparative embryology
Comparative anatomy
DNA
Fossils
Geographical Distribution

Question 21

Fossil

Answer 21

The remains or imprints of a prehistoric plant or animal, preserved in petrified form.

Question 22

Comparative Embryology

Answer 22

There are different stages of embryo growth, and the beginning stages a similar between varying species. As it develops, contrasting species will be different, and slowly the similar species will grow differently in later stages.

Question 22

Comparative Anatomy

Answer 22

The bone structure between species can be similar in certain components due to evolution, which slowly adapts to suit its environment better.
Homologous structures: structures have similar shapes and sizes, but for different functions.
Analogous structures: Structures possessed by different species that are adapted to perform the same function.

Question 22

DNA comparison

Answer 22

By comparing the genome sequences of different organisms, researchers can understand what distinguishes different life forms from each other. Isolating these genes shows the similarities and differences between organisms due to evolution.

Question 23

Fossil comparison

Answer 23

Fossil records are one of the most well-known pieces of evidence for evolution. Impressions closer to the surface are younger and more similar to current organisms today, and fossils found deeper are older and more closely related to animals currently extinct.

Question 24

Geographical distribution

Answer 24

organisms in different geographical areas are distinctly different,due to speciation and the breeding process of natural selection.

Question 25

Formation of fossils

Answer 25

Needs:
- quick burial
- build up of sediment
- heat, time and pressure

Question 26

Charles Darwin contribution

Answer 26

• theorised natural selection (survival of the fittest)
• Darwins finches

Question 27

Jean Baptiste Lamarack’s Contribution

Answer 27

• proposed theory or acquired characteristics
• characteristics experienced by an organism in their lifetime would be passed onto their offspring.

Question 28

Antibiotic Resistance

Answer 28

• happens when microbes evolve to resist the effects of drugs/antibiotics designed to kill them.
• infections are harder to treat
• higher medical costs
• increased mortality/illness.

Question 29

MRSA

Answer 29

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: A strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Question 30

What is ‘gene flow’ and ‘speciation’

Answer 30

Gene flow: movement of genetic material from one population to another, geographically transferring.
Speciation: process where one species splits into two, responsible for formation of new species.

Question 31

Types of isolation mechanisms

Answer 31

Temporal isolation: mating occurs at different times of the year
Behavioural isolation: mismatches in mating traits prevent mating
Mechanical isolation: a physical mating incompatibility between reproductive organs.

Question 32

Types of speciation

Answer 32

Allopatric Speciation: speciation occurring when biological populations are geographically isolated from one another.
Sympatric Speciation: