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Science > Yr 10 Half-Yearly > Flashcards

Yr 10 Half-Yearly Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

an ‘educated guess’ as to what a scientist thinks will happen during the investigation. Describes what kinds of results they think they will get.

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2
Q

Quantitative data

A

includes a number or some sort of measurement

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3
Q

Qualitative data

A

includes a description or an observation

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4
Q

Independent variable

A

the factor that changes during the experiment

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5
Q

dependent variable

A

the factor that is measured during the experiment

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6
Q

control variables

A

the factors which are kept the same throughout the experiment

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7
Q

Why do experiments need to be repeated?

A

to increase the reliability by finding the average of a series of repetitions of the same experiment.

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8
Q

Methods need to be written in:

A
  • past tense
  • passive voice
  • numbered steps
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9
Q

Anomalous results

A

results that stand out or are significantly different from the others.

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10
Q

concordant results

A

results that are all similar

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11
Q

What to do with anomalous results

A
  • circle them on graph
  • ignore them when drawing line of best fit
  • repeat the measurement to get a better result
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12
Q

Positive correlation

A

value on the x-axis and y-axis increase

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13
Q

negative correlation

A

value on the x-axis increases and the value on the y-axis decreases by the same amount. Always goes through (0,0)

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14
Q

Direct vs indirectly proportional results

A

Direct: positive correlation where the x and y-axis increase by the same amount. Always goes through (0,0)
Indirect: type of negative correlation where the value on the x-axis doubles and the value on the y-axis is halved. Line is often a curve.

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15
Q

Parts of scientific report in order

A 
Background research
aim
hypothesis
Risk Assessment
Equipment
Method
Results (graph)
Discussion (reliability, accuracy, validity, improvements)
Conclusion
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16
Q

Reliability vs Accuracy vs Validity

A

Reliability: repeating experiment and getting same results each time
Accuracy: using appropriate equipment and techniques to obtain meaningful data
Validity: well-designed experiment, collects useful data, has one independent variable and others all controlled. Hypothesis can be supported or disproved.

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17
Q

What is an inference?

A

A statement that you can make after looking at the results and conclusion.

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18
Q

Gamete

A

sex cell containing half the information about an individual (sperm and eggs)

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19
Q

Fertilisation

A

the point at which the sperm and egg are joined together.

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20
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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21
Q

where is DNA found

A

in the nucleus of most cells

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22
Q

Gene vs Chromosome vs Allele

A

Gene: a unit of inheritance, specified by the code in a DNA molecule. E.g. eye colour
Chromosome: 23 pairs (46 in total), 44 called autosomes, 2 are sex chromosomes
Allele: different versions of genes. Receive one from each parent. E.g. blue and brown are alleles of the eye colour gene.

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23
Q

Karyotype

A

the number and appearance of chromosomes. E.g. Down’s Syndrome - additional chromosome 21

24
Q

Inheritance

A
  • passing on of information from parent to offspring.

- during fertilisation half of the genetic material is transferred from the male, half from the female.

25
Common genetic traits
- earlobes - tongue rolling - eye colour - dimples - thumb shape - hairline
26
Gregor Mendel's contribution
discovered the basic principles of genetics by cross-breeding pea plants.
27
Heterozygous vs homozygous
Heterozygous: the organism carries two different alleles for a gene. E.g. one blue and one brown eye allele. Homozygous: organism carries two copie of the same allele for a gene. E.g. 2 blue eye alleles.
28
Dominant vs Recessive genes
Dominant will overpower the recessive gene and be the visible phenotypic characteristic. The recessive version of the gene is weaker and often hidden by other versions.
29
Watson, Crick and Franklin
Watson and Crick used research from various scientists to come up with the double helix structure of DNA (including the x-ray photography from Franklin)
30
DNA bonds and base pairing
``` DNA is made up of 4 different bases: - Thymine - Adenine - Guanine - Cytosine These are arranged to form long genetic codes which determine an organism's physical characteristics. Cytosine + Guanine Adenine + Thymine ```
31
DNA Replication
The process by which a strand of DNA is copied to make an exact replica. 1. the double helix is unwound and unzipped by the enzyme helicase 2. the DNA unzips forming two single strands 3. SNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the single strands resulting in two identical strands of DNA
32
DNA mutation and how it occurs
change in the DNA sequence - are random - can occur when DNA does not copy correctly - can be caused by exposure to chemicals or radiation
33
Types of mutation
substitution: one base is exchanged for another. E.g. sickle cell anaemia insertion: where extra bases are inserted into the DNA. E.g. Huntington's disease Deletion: when a section of DNA is lost or deleted. E.g. deletion syndrome Can be harmful, neutral or beneficial
34
Process of cloning
- cell removed - DNA removed from nucleus - egg cell removed from female - nucleus from egg cell disposed of - nucleus injected into egg cell - cell given electric shock - cell divides to form embryo (mitosis) - embryo implanted into surrogate - offspring identical to original organism - nucleus injected into
35
Cloning adv and disadv
ADVANTAGES - genetically identical organisms - desired characteristics - slow breeding organisms can be reproduced quickly DISADVANTAGES - susceptibility to disease passed on - less variation in species - unable to create new varieties
36
Genetic modification
- involves changing or modifying DNA | - can be done by deactivating selected genes or cutting DNA from one cell and placing it into another cell
37
Genetic modification examples
- Roundup resistant cotton (herbicide tolerance) - Bt cotton (produces insecticides) - Cold temp strawberries - Flavr Savr tomatoes (slows ripening)
38
Process of IVF (in-vitro fertilisation)
- stimulation of ovaries - egg collection - fertilisation - embryo transfer
39
Types of stem cells
- adult (brain, heart and bone marrow) | - embryonic: in embryos
40
Uses of stem cells
- Parkinson's disease (to produce dopamine) - rebuilding bones and cartilage - repairing damaged immune systems
41
Ethics
- a set of moral principles that guide a person's behaviour, reflecting what is seen as right or wrong.
42
Atom
smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist.
43
``` Chemical formula for: water carbon dioxide glucose hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid nitric acid phosphoric acid ammonia sodium hydroxide sodium chloride ```
``` H2O CO2 C6H12O6 HCl H2SO4 HNO3 H3PO4 NH3 NaOH NaCl ```
44
Acids
- burn skin - conduct electricity - turn universal indicator red - vinegar - lemon juice - HCl
45
Bases
- bitter taste - conduct electricity - turn universal indicator purple - antacids - bleach - soap
46
Metal Carbonates
- consist of metal and carbonate ion (CO^3- - reacts with acid to form salt, water and CO2 - copper carbonate (CuCO3) - sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) - sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
47
Salts
- soluble in water - high melting and boiling point - common (carbonates, phosphates, sulfates) - sodium chloride - magnesium chloride - copper sulfate
48
Alcohols
- contain an OH group - low melting and boiling point - soluble in water - ethanol - propanol
49
Types of salts and the acids that influence their creation.
Chlorides - Hydrochloric acid Nitrate - nitric acid Phosphate - phosphoric acid Sulfate - sulfuric acid
50
Combustion Acid with Metal Acid with metal carbonate Corrosion
Fuel + Oxygen -> CO2 + water Metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen Metal carbonate + acid -> salt + CO2 + water Iron + water + oxygen -> rust
51
Precipitation Neutralisation Decomposition
AB + CD -> AD + CB Acid + Base -> salt + water AB -> A + B
52
Balanced respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
53
Incomplete and complete combustion reactions
Different products formed depending on how much oxygen is supplied. Complete combustion forms CO2 and water
54
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another.
55
What occurs during a chemical reaction?
One substance is changed into another substance by forming and breaking chemical bonds between atoms.

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