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soc 224 > youth and deviance "troubling youth" > Flashcards

youth and deviance "troubling youth" Flashcards

1
Q

what is troubling youth?

A
  • primarily a risk to others
  • threat to society
  • eg. crime; gangs
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1
Q

what is troubled youth?

A
  • risk to themselves
  • eg. substance use
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2
Q

what is a punishable young offender?

A
  • troubling youth
  • we need to punish these people to make them accountable for their criminal act
  • bryan hogeveen (2005)
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3
Q

what is a reformable young offender?

A
  • troubled youth
  • can be reformed and changed
  • have not given up on them
  • need intervention in the hope that they can be rehabilitated
  • bryan hogeveen (2005)
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4
Q

what does the crime rate based on age show?

A
  • much more likely to become involved in criminal activity in our youth years
  • males are much more likely to have criminal behaviors than women
  • age + gender impact
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5
Q

what does the rates of youth accused crime graph show?

A
  • overall crime rate is going down
  • violent crime is not the major source of overall crime rate in youth
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6
Q

what are the most common criminal offences in canada?

A
  1. assault level 1
    - pushing, slapping
    - no real physical harm to the victim
    - least harsh level of assault
    - most assault crime is in this area
  2. mischief
    - wrecking other property
  3. shoplifting under $5000
  4. uttering threats
  5. assault level 2
    - weapon has been used
    - harm has occurred to the victim
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7
Q

what does assault level 3 entail?

A
  • person violently assaulted
  • may have life-altering injuries from the assault
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8
Q

what is the overall trend of the most common crimes committed in canada?

A
  • lesser violent crimes
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9
Q

what does the youth crime severity index show?

A
  • weigh between severe crime and not severe crime (for instance, murder is at 100 points, vandalism is at 2 points, and they take the average of these points)
  • severity of crime has dramatically decreased
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10
Q

what professional groups that contribute to the perception that youth are very violent?

A
  • the police (police officers are being put in high schools)
  • youth crime departments in police stations
  • many groups calling for youth to be tried / charged as an adult
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11
Q

what are the three big legislations of canada’s youth justice system?

A

juvenille delinqutes act 1908
young offenders act 1984
youth criminal justice act 2003

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12
Q

what was the juvenile delinquents act (JDA) 1908?

A
  • operating under child welfare model
  • caring for the child
  • jurisdiction over children aged 7 - 10
  • parens patriae (state duty to assume the role of a parent in the case of a delinquent / dependent children with no parents)
  • court had treating options available
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13
Q

what were the court treatment options of the JDA?

A
  • impose a fine
  • foster school, detention home
  • probationary sentences (not sentenced to jail, but will follow you for a period of time and make sure you will not go to jail)
  • allowed for probation officers
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14
Q

what was outlined in the twig is bent video?

A
  • concern that the family is in crisis
  • children are in trouble due to family crisis
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15
Q

why was the family under strain / in trouble in the JDA

A
  • parents not being able to stay home
  • women were often called to work in factors in men’s absence; men had to go to war
  • children are left without chaperones
  • younger adults hastily getting married (could be due to war and were lonely since family was busy)
  • young women going into the city and had leisure money to spend (spending money in places like cinemas, dancing, pool rooms / billiard rooms, alcohol consumption)
  • younger children were learning bad habits from older siblings / kids in neighborhood (ex. smoking, differential association theory: spending too much time with people who are deviant)
  • structural functionalist position: family is supposed to raise and institutionalize their children, but family is in crisis which makes deviance
  • increased poverty, inadequate parents
  • playing hooky / truancy (not going to school)
  • movies + society tends to hero worship soldiers, and women were falling in love with them young
  • women were left by their husbands for war, made them lonely, turn to other men + alcohol
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16
Q

how did they figure these crisis / prescriptions could be fixed?

A
  • do not leave children at home and unattended, and instead, put them in a preschool program
  • go to church
  • join institutions in society
  • get involved in schools, meet with teachers regularly
  • respect for authority, make police officers their “friends”
  • meeting their children’s friends, get to know their parents
  • financial literacy (budgeting and saving, invest in war bonds)
  • introduce your child to hobbies (sewing, knitting, model trains, things in the house)
  • introduce them to good literature, let the go to libraries
  • know who your daughters are dating
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17
Q

in the video of the role of probation officers, why was johnny (the boy) delinquent?

A
  • single parent home (failure of family)
  • father died when he was young
  • lack of interested in conventional goals
  • ‘gang’ friends have replaced family institutions
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18
Q

what is the role of probation officers?

A
  • conducted investigation for the court (why is johnny stealing cars and participating in this activity, family impoverished)
  • assisted and directed the court (probation officer acts as leasion role between court and family)
  • represented the interests of child in court (probation officer studied johnny’s life, and then presents a case which would be the bast case-scenario for johnny)
  • supervised children sentenced to probation (comes as a secondary supervision)
  • aim to reform the child and reform the facility (helps to cure the family in order to cure the child, get child into good habits)
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19
Q

what is the young offenders act (YOA) 1984?

A
  • movement is away from child welfare approach to an adult approach (young adults)
  • introduced because the JDA was perceived as being too soft, too expensive, and children not being adequately supervised by probation officers
  • youth responsibility (these people committing adult crimes know right from wrong, so why are we acting like they do not?)
  • focus is protecting society from criminals
  • alternative measures (community service sentencing)
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20
Q

what was the youth criminal justice act (YCJA) 2003?

A
  • introduced because YOA constrained conflicting principles, over criminalizing and incarcerating too many children, failed to adequately provide youth reintegration
  • introduced a bifurcated (diverged / two-pronged) approach that allows less serious crime treated the person sympathetically, but very violent crimes or lesser crimes repetitively, they can be assessed as an adult
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21
Q

what were some of the YCJA’s less serious offences / offenders?

A
  • community service
  • reinstitution / compensation in cash or services
  • referrals to counselling, treatment or education programs
  • referrals to community, aboriginal, or youth justice committees
  • letter or essay apology
  • restorative justice program
  • more serious offenders and repeat criminals face more serious adult consequences, even though they are not legally an adult yet
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22
Q

what is restorative justice?

A
  • victims often do not have a voice, but restorative justice allows for a voice to be given
  • provides opportunities for victims, offenders, and communities affected by a crime to communicate (direct or indirect) about causes, circumstances, and impact of that crime, and to address their related needs
  • allows the criminal to make amends, restore relationship, and then they both can move forward
  • provides an opportunity for healing, reparation and reintegration
  • often has better outcomes than traditional criminalization
  • only can be used in cases where the crime is not severe
23
Q

what are the presumptive measures / criminal acts that can make a child be tried as an adult?

A
  • murder
  • attempted murder
  • manslaughter
  • aggravated sexual assault (victim is seriously physically injured)
  • violent offence where youth has already been convicted twice before
24
Q

what did the graph show for youth custody sentences after 2003?

A
  • how successful was the YCJA at converging criminals
  • incarceration rates down
25
Q

what were the risk factor for deviance relating to genetic/biological factors?

A
  • fetal alcohol syndrome
  • brain injuries
  • learning disabilities (are a risk factor if they are unaddressed)
26
Q

protective factors for deviance relating to genetic/biological factors?

A
  • resiliency
  • higher than average intelligence
  • athleticism
27
Q

differential development of which two areas of the brain account for biological factors?

A

prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens

28
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

executive functioning (i want to go to become a doctor, so i am going to go to school and work hard), develops in adolescence, discipline

29
Q

what is the nucleus accumbens?

A

risky activity, excitement, impulsivity

30
Q

what about brain structure makes youth more likely to engage in criminal behavior?

A

during adolescence, the nucleus accumbens develops faster than the prefrontal cortex

31
Q

what are the psychological risk factors related to youth deviance?

A
  • poor mental health status
  • low self-esteem
  • antisocial behavior / attitudes (parks in handicap when they are not)
  • psychopathy
32
Q

what are the psychological protective factors related to youth deviance?

A
  • intellectual and interpersonal ability
  • positive self-esteem
  • personal responsibility
  • prosocial behavior
33
Q

how do some of us escape the pattern of addiction even though we have the same ‘difficult life’ background?

A
  • group that did not succumb to addiction:
    1. even though home life was chaotic, they had one thing in life that stayed consistent (sunday was church, games on wednesday night, takeout on friday); security in chaos
  1. had an experience where they were invited to a friends house, and they realized that not every mom and dad fight, are alcoholics, etc. can see that their own family is dysfunctional / unhealthy
  2. tended to report that even though family life was chaotic, there was someone in the community they could go to and find support in (elderly couple across the street who would invite kid in and let them bake cookies with them); not everyone knows that the kid has a bad home life, they just always accept them and let them go and help them
34
Q

what was the overall findings of the addiction study?

A

can take children from difficult life situations and help the child find resilience

35
Q

what does social bond theory say about youth deviance?

A

family:
- children with strong attachments to their parents / caregivers have a much lower risk of engaging in criminal activity

school:
- children who go to class and don’t skip are less likely to be involved in criminal activity, as a large amount of time is consumed by school
- involved in extra-curricular activities are important (playing basketball on a structured team)

36
Q

what did REGOLI & HEWITT (1991) say about youth, parents and teachers?

A

all youth are oppressed by adults to some degree (no, you cannot do that), but where there is extreme oppression (authoritarian style parenting) are more likely to become involved in criminal activity

if children are oppressed, there is going to be some resistance from children

37
Q

what are the peer-group risk factors related to youth deviance? (differential association theory)

A
  • delinquent siblings and peers
  • differential association theory (sutherland): hang out with delinquent, more likely to become delinquent
38
Q

what are the peer-group protective factors related to youth deviance? (differential association theory)

A
  • prosocial peers
  • positive peer-group membership
39
Q

heimer and de coster (1999) looked into gender and violent crime and found?

A
  • delinquency gender gap (age + men more likely to be criminal than girls) is the cause of both cultural process and structural factors
40
Q

what are the cultural processes of the gender gap?

A
  • men: agressive, risk-taking, emphasis on physical strength
  • women: nuturing, sexual virtue (not high risk), female beuaty (emphasis of girls being ‘pretty’, means that they are focused on their looks instead of criminal behavior), ‘ethic of care’ (women should care for others and be empathetic)
41
Q

for women, _______ ________ allows women to rely upon sex if needed rather than other crimes

A

sexual currency

42
Q

what did polack 1940 say about the gender gap?

A
  • not that women are less criminal than men, women just get away with it easier
  • starts with women being able to fake orgasm, can lie and manipulate
43
Q

how much violent crime is committed by men?

A

91% (huge gender gap)

44
Q

what is the structural disadvantage of the gender gap?

A

many violent males are those who have come from extreme poverty, abuse, etc

45
Q

what was the structural position of the gender gap by sybille artz (1998)?

A
  • inconceivable that women are capable of murder
  • young girls learn very quickly that they are the lesser sex and experience sexism, and many of these girls that have extreme sexism in their childhood go on to commit violent crime
  • many violent girls have psychosocial problems: dysfunctional families, internalization of sexist gender roles, lack of anger management
46
Q

what is nasty girl moral panic BARRON & LACOMBE (2005)?

A
  • totally unnatural for a girl to be aggressive and violent -> generates a moral panic
  • young girls have become more violent due to the product of feminism (as women have become more like men, they have picked up similar habits)
  • western culture promotion of ‘bad girls’ (eg. alanis morissette; increasingly celebrating the nasty girl that swears, drinks and smokes)
47
Q

what does biopsychosocial theory of maturational reform explain?

A

why we are less likely to commit crime when we are older
- when we mature, we mature out of crime
- physiological limitation (can’t run as fast)
- jobs and marriage are incentives to conform (job 9 - 5, got bills to pay, children to take care of, a wife)
- people come to depend on us (social bonds, children depend on us)
- more socially responsive as we age out of youth (less likely for older people to go out to bars and get wasted on the weekend)

48
Q

what are the community and neighborhood risk factors?

A

community disorganization theory
exposure to violence: social learning theory (prevalent in family or community)

49
Q

what are the community and neighborhood protective factors?

A
  • living in community with mixed socio-economic backgrounds (edmonton: to prevent ghettoization, every community is supposed to have a certain percentage of their housing dedicated to low income)
  • organized and accessible community / social infrastructure (YCMA, outdoor rink, have a community league, baseball diamond, a school)
  • bonding institutions outside of family and school (religious institutions)
  • strong cultural identity and racial harmony (are not marked by hostile racial relations)
50
Q

what was SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY SHAW AND MCKAY 1942?

A

found crime was more common in certain areas than others
- crime was more common in areas of transition (inner city areas)
- these areas lack development of conventional institutions of social control
- live here for a year while a family gets on their feet, and then they move to a more well-established community
- transient communities, poor communities = higher crime rate
- lack of community investment (basketball court, but nets are broken) creates a community where criminal activity is the only thing that is fun / interesting

51
Q

what was the radical conflict theory by karl marx?

A

capitalism is root cause of crime:
- proletariat exploited by bourgeousie

52
Q

what was david greenberg’s 1977 radical conflict theory?

A
  • capital structure forces them into financial dependency
  • financial dependency in youth
  • many who are working minimum wage are youth who have not finished high school
  • working class youth are low paid
53
Q

what was sherman and julia schwendinger 1979 radical conflict theory

A
  • capitalist desire for profit displaces workers through adoption of technology
  • youth jobs are the ones most technology replaces
54
Q

gang activity in western canada factors

A

young people more likely to become involved
structural factors cause gang activity

55
Q

delinquency and drift by david matza’s deviant career looked at?

A
  • position / theory suggests that young people are not black and white in delinquent behavior
  • they do not feel pulled to one or the other, they drift between law abiding and delinquent
56
Q

what causes the drift between conventional and deviant?

A
  • lack of consensus in society (not all the same, lots of freedom now in society, which brings on different values. eg. women should work or stay at home? not a clear linear path)

soc 224 (15 decks)

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