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soc 224 > subjective explanation of deviance > Flashcards

subjective explanation of deviance Flashcards

1
Q

what do subjective theories focus on?

A

-perceptions of the act (why do some people perceive certain things as deviant and some not)
-reactions to the act (people had different reactions in the past as compared to today)
-influence of power in perceptions and reactions

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2
Q

what are some questions we ask from a subjectivist standpoint?

A

who decides what is deviant? who ‘wins’ and who ‘loses’ when someone is defined as deviant?

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3
Q

what is an example of a subjectivist view?

A

during war, we don’t classify soldiers and ‘murders’

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4
Q

what are the two categories of subjectivist theories?

A

critical theory
interpretive theory / symbolic interaction theory

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5
Q

what is the objective - subjective continuum by howard becker?

A

who makes and enforces the rules?
- understand the straddling position between subjectivist and objectivist theories

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6
Q

what are the kinds of critical theories?

A
  1. conflict / marxist theories
    - steven spitzer
    - instrumental and structural marxism
    - plural, cultural, and group theories
  2. feminist theories
  3. power-reflective theories:
    - michel foucault
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7
Q

what was the basic principle of the marxist theory of deviance by steven spitzer?

A

capitalism causes deviance

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of a capitalist system? (marxist)

A
  • bourgeoisie (factory owners) and proletariat (workers)
  • benefits from superfluous populations (if you own a factory, the ideal is that there are a whole lot of people who want to work for you)
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9
Q

_____________ labour groups are a threat to capitalism and the factory owners. what does it mean? (marxist)

A

superfluous: more than what is needed !!
- don’t want too many or too few superfluous people

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10
Q

when do problem populations deem to be in need of control? (marxist)

A

when they…
-steal
-unable / refuse to perform wage labor (who cares i’ll just grow my own carrots, want them to come in and work)
-use drugs for non-productive reasons (drug use is not a problem if it allows you to function and motivates you to go, such as advil, but drugs such as alcohol and marijuana)
-refuse schooling (no jobs for you, but you can go to school for this and this, but people can say no because they need money, and school takes money)
-challenge the functioning of a capitalist society (riot, protests)

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11
Q

capitalists are charged with ______ _______, and they make them through? (marxist)

A

making profits
-decreasing costs (monopoly: workers become redundant)
-increasing production (intro of technology: workers become redundant)

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12
Q

what is an example of a monopoly where workers become redundant? (marxist)

A

companies and buy the other one out:
sobeys ended up purchasing safeway to prevent competition, but this required a bunch of safeway workers to be laid off (then they become superfluous labor)

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13
Q

what is an example of technology where workers become redundant?

A

technology often results in people losing their jobs:
self-checkout and ATMs prevented the need for workers

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14
Q

how is labor changing as society advances? (marxist)

A

increasing specialization
-only someone who is directly trained with honda materials and technology can fix your car, making you have to go see them in order to get your car fixed

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15
Q

what is lumpenproletariat? (marxist)

A

the superfluous labor class has no movement and becomes permanently redundant
-increased size of this group requires more resources to control them

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16
Q

what is instrumental marxism?

A
  • government is a puppet! no interest and the corporations could crush them
  • our government is a mere tool of the institutions.
  • state is the direct servant of ruling class
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17
Q

what are some examples of instrumental marxism?

A
  • insurance companies, pharmaceutical industries, oil and gas industry all would lobby about the amount they can control about their environmental impact (win over government)
  • known for forever smoking is bad for us, but why is it legal / then permitted the marketing of e-cigarettes ? tobacco corporations knew they were so big and so powerful, that they then have control over the government
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18
Q

what is structural marxism?

A

– believe government is definitely at play and also has interest
- state institutions function in the long-term interests of capitalism
- not a puppet, they too are interested, but they want to focus on how they are going to grow jobs and keep highly educated and skilled people here

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19
Q

what is an example of structural marxism?

A

pharmaceuticals want us to have interest in their medications and marketing, government then has to think about what happens if they say no and the pharmaceuticals pull out ? government realizes they lose control, lose jobs, lose smart people / scientist

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20
Q

what is pluralist conflict theory?

A

not quite just capitalism, it is sometimes between certain social groups
- indigenous canadians are much more likely to be unemployed than white native canadians

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21
Q

what is culture conflict theory?

A
  • dominant culture group determines law and rules
  • emphasis is all on culture
    ex. dhillon was told he can be an RCMP officer, but was told he needed to shave his beard, cut his hair and not wear his turban
22
Q

what is group conflict theory?

A
  • tensions between different groups
  • try to gain the support of “authorities”
23
Q

what is the view of feminist theories?

A
  • emphasize the gendered nature of norms and dominant moral codes that determine what is deviant
  • what might be deviant for a woman might not be the same for a man
24
Q

what do power-reflexive theories poststructuralism focus on?

A
  • intertwining power and knowledge
  • if we think people are watching, we are more likely to behave as compared to we don’t think people are watching
25
Q

what is the broken window theory? (power-reflextive post)

A

a lot of crime in certain areas but not in others, why?
in these areas where crime is more likely to be committed, there is no panopticon (no one is watching them). if you have a bunch of houses with overflowing mail, broken windows, etc, this is the perfect spot for crime
must maintain your property by bylaw, have surveillance, in order to prevent crime

26
Q

what was michel foucaults view of power-reflexive theory?

A
  • merged analysis of power + knowledge with social control mechanisms
    -if we know for sure we are going to be caught = no deviance
27
Q

what is foucaults panoptical society?

A

leads us to self-regulate and conform as we feel we are being watched
eg. photo radar for driving speed makes us slow down, but people will argue that its faulty in retaliation

28
Q

what does power determine in society? (power-reflexive post)

A

which claims to knowledge come to be legitimized
- power of church: masturbation was a sin against god because they were wasting their ‘seed’ to have children
- power of science: masturbation is a normal part of sexual experience

29
Q

what are the kinds of interpretive theories?

A

symbolic interactionism:
- labelling theory
- deviant career theory

30
Q

what is symbolic interactionism?

A

use of everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole
ex. symbol: the hat, hand out, spare some change question
ex. interaction: between panhandler and those who pass by

31
Q

what is the biggest symbol?

A

language

32
Q

what is berger and luckman’s social construction of reality?

A

our reality is socially constructed. we do not know how to naturally interpret behaviors, we learn it with time
ex. we aren’t born knowing that someone sitting with an upside-down hat is struggling and needs money

33
Q

what is labelling theory?

A

if someone has been labelled a particular way, we respond to them in particular / different ways

34
Q

what is the sociocultural context of labelling theory?

A

1960’s - period of time for resistance, change and optimism

standard of living increased dramatically in western society

suburbia: moms would stay home and take care of the kids with the white picket fence house, and dads would go work 9-5 and have beautiful meals and family time

35
Q

what were some of the major events taking place during labelling theory?

A
  1. civil rights movement (african american children and white children were being placed in the same schools)
  2. vietnam war (US going into the war had conscription, many of the men drafted ended up coming to canada and staying in canada. canada refused to go to vietnam war. related to age, time of resistance)
  3. police brutality (police just started shooting these university students)
  4. watergate scandal (operatives place recording devices in the democratic parties office) -> proves government does evil sometimes
36
Q

what was edwin lemert’s two categories of labelling theory?

A

primary deviance: we are all guilty of, minimal, no effect on self-identity (speed, drink before you are 18, stealing candy, skipping school, getting drunk)
secondary deviance: caught doing something deviant and are labelled for us (police catch us stealing and we are brought down to the station, the principal catches us smoking and now that is on our school profile)

37
Q

what effect does labelling have on people? (lemert)

A
  • being labelled decreases the amount of us committing deviant acts
  • have to be careful of the labels that you put on people
38
Q

what were the principles of robert merton’s self-fulfilling prophecy? (label)

A
  • a false definition of a situation where a new behavior is demonstrated might make the originally false conception come true
  • just because you caught someone doing something one day / one time, does not mean you should judge them based off that
39
Q

what are the four steps to a status degradation ceremony?

A
  1. tagging (labelled deviant / criminal)
  2. defining (labelled thief)
  3. describing (stole from best buy)
  4. segregated (imprisonment)
40
Q

what is charles cooley’s looking glass self theory?

A

when we look in the mirror, we don’t see ourselves objectively, we are the ones who are critical of ourselves and compare ourselves to some ‘societal standard’

41
Q

what are the three things we do to ourselves in looking glass shelf theory?

A
  1. we imagine how we are perceived by others
  2. we imagine who they would evaluate us given their perception
  3. we develop impressions about ourselves based on how they perceive and evaluate
42
Q

what was jane elliott’s observation on the self-fulfilling prophecy? (label)

A
  • third grade teacher, MLK was assassinated, and wanted to see how young kids responded to the crisis
  • realized these kids had horrible outlooks, and decided to change up her curriculum to address the racism
43
Q

what was erving goffmean’s definition of a stigma?

A

a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity; a blemish on our character (a pimple on flawless skin)
- stigma operates as a master status, overpowering other aspects of social identity so that a person is discredited in the minds of others.

44
Q

what is erving goffman’s definition of master status?

A
  • stigma associated with mental illness
  • some of our status overrides all others
    ex. on a third date with someone perfect’, and on the ‘fourth’ date, they let you know they spent 8 years in prison for attempted murder; the status of being an ex-con / criminal will override all of the other characteristics you loved about them
45
Q

erving goffman came up with the the presentation of self, taking a dramaturgical approach. what is that?

A

drama / theatre; we all have a personal self and a social self
- in the theatre, our personal self is backstage (can be authentic, no makeup, not showered, comfortable, completely ourself), and our social self (makeup on, clothes on, shaved, hair washed) is on the stage

46
Q

erving goffman said we do impression management. what is that? (presentation of self)

A

we do things to manage people’s impressions of our social self
ex. prostitutes who conduct business in unlit areas (they would try to position themselves in a more dim lit area so that way they could attract more customers because they didn’t look as old)

47
Q

what were some techniques of stigma management to avoid stigmatization?

A
  1. concealment
    -lying about reasons as to why something happened
  2. selective disclosure
    -concealing it to everyone except your backstage people
  3. selective affiliation
    - some people would kill me if they knew i was in this group, so i will only associate with these people
  4. activism
    -i want to talk to nurses and the university and fight for rights
48
Q

in labelling theory, who are the labellers?

A
  1. agents in social control
    - involved in maintaining law and order
    ex. courts, police, criminal justice system
  2. moral entrepreneurs:
    - individuals who define or advocate new rules and laws or different endorsement of the existing laws
49
Q

what is claims making? (label)

A

moral entrepreneurs make claims (rhetorical communication) to persuade audience

50
Q

what is the impact of deviant labels?

A

we take what would be known as deviant (alcoholic) and put it in a non-deviant context (person who suffers with addition)

suffer with addiction as opposed to an alcoholic sheds very different lights on how that person will be treated in society

soc 224 (15 decks)

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