deviance + mental disorders Flashcards
1
Q
what makes a mental disorder different from mental illness?
A
diseases
neurological explanation
2
Q
what are the two things sociologists tend to focus on in relation to mental disorders?
A
psychoses
neuroses: anxiety and depression
3
Q
what is the diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)
A
a diagnostic tool that has had several versions (expanded considerably)
4
Q
what is the prevalence of mental illness?
A
- in canada, by the time we are 90 years, 2/3 to 3/4 will have had a mental disorder at some point
5
Q
what is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
A
prevalence: “picture”, how many people have it right now, people who have been diagnosed this year and who have had it previously
incidence: how many new diagnosis (first time)
6
Q
what is the most common mental disorder?
A
mood and anxiety disorders
7
Q
what mental disorders are psychotic symptoms associated with?
A
- schizophrenia
- schizoaffective disorder
- bipolar
- depression
- brain tumor / drug use
8
Q
is psychosis static / does it stay?
A
no!
9
Q
what are the symptoms that come along with psychosis?
A
hallucinations
delusions
disorganized speech / behavior
10
Q
what do hallucinations affect?
A
all of our senses!
- auditory hallucinations: hear voices in the room
- visual : see things that are not there
- olfactory: smell things that are not present
- taste: something you have not eaten.
- tactile: felt like there are bugs under their skin)
11
Q
what are the two kinds of delusions?
A
paranoid and delusions of grandeur
12
Q
what are paranoid delusions?
A
persecutory anxiety (someone is out to get them / is watching them)
13
Q
what are delusions of grandeur?
A
you think you are something greater / more important (might think you are one of jesus’ lost disciples, married to the prime minister)
14
Q
what is an example of disorganized speech / behavior
A
think you are the second coming of christ (well my alarm went off at 5 instead of 6, so i must be the second coming of christ. went out barefoot in minus 40 to serve god)
15
Q
psychotic symptoms can happen to?
A
everyone
16
Q
do people with schizophrenia need to have multiple episodes of psychosis?
A
no! some people with schizophrenia have only had one episode in their life
17
Q
what is catatonic behavior?
A
sit for a long period of time in a certain position (can be contorted)
18
Q
what is the difference between a positive or negative symptom?
A
positive symptoms: there when it should not be
negative symptoms: not there when they should be (affective flattening or no mood)
19
Q
in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, how many symptoms need to be present?
A
two or more
20
Q
what is the age of onset for schizophrenia?
A
men: around 18
women: around 27 - 28 (estrogen protect women from getting it longer)
21
Q
what does etiology mean?
A
cause
22
Q
what is the etiology for psychosis / schizophrenia?
A
- genetics
- maternal nutrition
- viral infection
- perinatal complications
- exposure to toxins
- psychological and social stress
23
Q
how did maternal nutrition account for psychosis?
A
during or after famine
lack of proper nutrients
24
Q
how did viral infection account for psychosis?
A
mothers contract virus at specific time during their pregnancy (neurological development is in full force)
25
how did perinatal complications account for psychosis?
something happened during childbirth (prolonged, lost heart rate at some point)
26
how does exposure to toxins account for psychosis?
noisome conditions: filthy conditions
27
how does psychological and social stress account for psychosis?
- women who immigrate
- mother who experience death during first trimester (first 3 month)
- stressful jobs
28
what is the etiology of affective disorders?
genetics
other medical condition
gender
age
abuse
loss / rejection / isolation
stress
substance abuse
29
what is an affective disorder?
bipolar and depression
30
are genetics as strong with affective disorder as they are with schizophrenia?
no!
31
what medical conditions can cause affective disorders?
huntington, parkinsons
32
do more women or men have affective disorders?
women
33
are youth or older people more likely to have an affective disorder?
youth
long term care
34
what kinds of abuse are related to affective disorder?
emotional, psychological and physical
35
what loss / rejection can cause affective disorders?
being bullied
36
what sort of substance abuse can lead to an affective disorder?
self-medicating
drink enough to make feelings go away
37
what was alexander leighton's individual stress theory?
core needs (similar to maslow hierarchy):
- if you do not achieve these core needs, you have no security or safety
- any miss can result in stress significant enough to cause a mental disorder
38
what was leonard pearlin's study of stress in mental illness?
- salient study
- noticed that there is a group of unemployed people, some struggle with mental health and others are quite resilient
39
what were the characteristics pearlin noticed in those that did not develop depression?
- viewed themselves positively with other: could be worse, I still have my wife and children, things that are valuable to me I still have
- were not focused on materialism, consumerism, ect: did not define their worth based on how much they made or how expensive the stuff was that they owned
- strong emotional support: friends, family, mentors, bosses, familiarity, connection
- internal locus of control: your life outcome is determined by what you do, meritocracy, if i work hard i will make it (not external locus: doesn't matter what i do, if i work out, i'm not going to get a girlfriend)
40
do we want an internal or external locus of control?
want to be in between an internal and external locus
41
what was alexander leighton's stirling county study?
what role does social ecology play in the etiology (cause) of mental illness ?
42
leighton found that mental illness was more common in?
disintegrated communities
43
what makes a community disintegrated?
- recent history of disaster: in the community, often in coal mines
- extensive poverty: socioeconomic status (ses) low are more likely to suffer
- cultural confusion: religion was important for member of society, ideally everyone is the same religion. secularization (religion does not dominate)
- rapid social change: urbanization, widespread migration
44
what did amilie durkhiem stress the importance of?
social cohesion / connection
45
what did leighton find within disintegrated communities (what no longer dominated)
religion
46
what is social causation hypothesis for mental illness?
the cause of mental illness has something to do with society / the community
47
what is the social selection hypothesis for mental illness?
mental illness leads to poverty, and poverty leads to distress
48
what is the difference between stigmatization and medicalization of mental disorder?
stigmatization: becoming an outsider
medicalization: defined, diagnosed and treated (there is a process behind it)
49
in the medicalization of mental disorders, what was the evolution of treatment?
religious and spiritual -> prisons and madhouses -> asylums -> psychiatric institutions -> community treatment
50
what were the religious and spiritual rituals for mental disorder?
- psychosis was determined as demonic possession (satan has taken over body + mind)
- exorcisms to rid self of evil spirit
- person is experiencing a vision to do the work of god
- witch trials
51
how did prisons and madhouses become treatment for mental disorders?
- disruptive behavior result in imprisonment
- think people are going to harm you, makes sense for you to attack first, ends in jail
52
where was the first asylum?
st. mary of bethleham hospital in london
53
how did growth (more people) of the asylum occur?
1. more illness: syphilis (untreated especially)
2. closing poorhouse, workhouses and overrun jails: poorhouse (not at fault for their poverty); workhouse (thought you were just lazy, work grueling labor like smashing rock)
3. growing intolerance of madness in community: people trying to gain status in community, invite people over, psychotic daughter, people think lowly of that family and not want to associate. families want to avoid being stigmatized, so send child out
4. asylum thought it was more humane environment for the ill
5. capitalism: work to make money, no treatment available, struggle to work
6. growing legitimacy of medicine / psychiatry
54
what hated poorhouses / workhouses
charles dickens (scrooge to criticize them)
55
what did they do to make profit in the bethlehem hospital?
made it a spectacle: sell tickets for people to come in and watch all the people with psychosis
56
what is blood letting?
leeches will remove toxin from body
fed huge doses of laxatives to dispose toxin
57
in the 1950s - 1960s, we moved away from the asylum and towards?
deinstitutionalization
58
how did we move toward deinstitutionalization?
1. medication: patient took medicine to take away hallucination and delusions
2. civil libertarianism: people who were contentious objectors to the war ended working in psychiatric hospitals, wanted them to be brought out into community
3. promise of community mental health services: for government to save money, we will move these people out into the community and provide them with available doctors, nurses, mental health therapists, programs, etc available (but these programs were never developed as they promised)
4. political-economic influence: psychiatric institutions were becoming expensive for the government to pay for, political motivation to move people out of hospital to save money
59
what was the problem with people who left these asylums?
these people getting let out had nowhere to go: people in hospital wanted to go to families, but the family did not know how to treat them, there was no community support (everyone was uncomfortable with that psychotic behavior, so there was huge stigma and fear of these people)
60
what do people claim the switch from an asylum to deinstitutionalization was?
the largest failed social experiment of all time
61
what are the three parts of social typing?
1. description: schizophrenia
2. evaluation (adjectives): looney, threatening, crazy, unpredictable, lacks self control
3. prescription: formal (send them to psychiatric hospital); informal (make fun of them, marginalize, bully, not invite them to our birthday)
62
what were the individuals costs of deinstitutionalization and community treatment failures (8)
1. poverty
2. homelessness
3. suicide
4. imprisonment
5. substance abuse
6. violence
7. family stress
8. victimization (beaten up, stuff stolen, raped)
63
what are the requirements for a successful deinstitutionalization?
a supportive family network
an accepting community
adequate community resources
a place to live
64
what is a "revolving door patient"?
people who are out of hospital and on medication, go off medication because they do not think they are sick, then head back into hospital, back on medication, repeats
65
what is community treatment order?
people with serious mental illness who respond well to medication
- two involuntary convictions into hospital or jail
- must come in and see your nurse or caseworker every friday at 2pm, and if you do not come, the police will come and get you and put you back into the hospital
- allows people to stay in the community and not spend so much time in hospital
66
what is the cost of mental illness to individuals?
under-employment
unemployment
67
what is the cost of mental illness to families
impaired parent - child bonding
financial costs
68
what is the cost of mental illness to society?
not working
not paying taxes
health care costs
justice system costs
69
what was ervin goffman's symbolic interactionist perspective on the stigma around mental disorders?
- certain characteristics are more likely to stigmatize us than others
- serious mental illness, imprisonment
70
what does the crazy like us book highlight?
mental illness stigmatized because either someone has something or they do not (categorized, put in boxes)
classifies difference between "me" and "the other"
71
how does the cost-of-illness estimates reflect negative attitudes?
everyone with mental illness are making me pay for them with my taxpayer dollars
72
what is the discrimination paradigm?
- people with mental illness are discriminated against
- should want to fight against that discrimination
- make sure charter rights are extended to mental illness
73
how do people manage the stigma around mental illness?
1. try to pass: hide it
2. divide social worlds: only tell some people
3. deflecting: distance self from label
4. challenging: confront stigmatization
74
have more or less youth over the years reported not using drugs?
more
75
when was the highest level of drug use?
70s
76
why have we seen a decrease in drug use?
- better education around drug use: being honest (saying yes, smoking a joint is fun, however, it can be harmful to health)
- experimentation is starting later: our brains are not fully developed till 25, people are becoming more aware of this fact and knows that we can harm our damage
77
what are some areas of concern that could cause a raise in drug use?
- e-cigarettes: smoking cigarettes down, e-cigarette up
- 1% of ontario youth report illicit opioid youth in last year
- increase in non-medical over-the-counter cough and cold
- increase in recreational use of ADHD drugs (black market)
78
does canada have a high or low consumption rate for marijuana?
high
79
what was the DARE campaign?
social control effort anti-drug use campaign in schools
police doing campaigns, suggests it is a criminal matter
parents may do drugs, but yet police is giving "threat" to not use drugs. believe police are wrong because your parents are good people. shut the police out, i love my parents, i do not trust you.
