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Year 3 > Year 3 Pharmocology > Flashcards

Year 3 Pharmocology Flashcards

1
Q

Effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on electrolytes

A

Hyperkalaemia

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2
Q

What conditions are contraindications with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers?

A

Renal artery stenosis
AKI
CKD monitor

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3
Q

Examples of ACE inhibitors

A

Ramipril
Lisinopril
Perindopril

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4
Q

Examples of angiotensin receptor blockers

A

Losartan
Candesartan
Irbesartan

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5
Q

First line treatment for hypertension

A

ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers if under 55

Calcium channel blockers if over 55 or black afro Caribbean

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6
Q

Side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

Ankle swelling, flushing, headaches and palpitations

Verapamil can cause bradycardia, heart block and heart failure

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7
Q

Warning with calcium channel blockers

A

Poor LV function
Unstable angina
Severe aortic stenosis
Some can’t be prescribed with beta blockers

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8
Q

Examples of calcium channel blockers

A

Amlodipine
Nifedipine
Diltiazem
Verapamil

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9
Q

Example of a loop diuretic

A

Furosemide

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10
Q

Examples of thiazide and thiazide like diuretics

A

Bendroflumethiazide
Indapamide
Chlortalidone

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11
Q

Mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics and effect on electrolytes

A

Inhibit the Na+/Cl- co-transporter in the DCT.

Can cause hyponatraemia

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12
Q

Warnings with thiazide diuretics

A

Can cause hypokalaemia
Do not use in patients with hypokalaemia
The hypokalaemia it causes can cause cardiac arrhythmias

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13
Q

What causes the cough in ACE-I

A

Increased bradykinin

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14
Q

Name two aldosterone receptor antagonists

A

Eplerenone and spironolactone

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15
Q

Four drugs that cause gynaecomastia

A

Ranitidine
Isoniazid
Digoxin
Spironolactone

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16
Q

What drug causes galactorrhoae

A

Chlorpromazine

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17
Q

Iron reduces the absorption of

A

Thyroxine - so will increase TSH

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18
Q

Characteristic side effect of mirtazapine

A

Increase in appetite

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19
Q

name the three major types of bronchodilators

A

Sympathomimetic agents
Anthines
Magnesium

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20
Q

explain b2 adrenoceptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor effect on smooth muscle in the lungs.

A 
B2 bronchodiltion 
Muscarinic bronchoconstriction (so want to block)
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21
Q

what sort of receptor is B2 adrenoceptor?

A

transmembrane g protein coupled, increases cAMP

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22
Q

Types of B2 agnoists

A

SABA salbutamol or terbutaline

LABA salmetrol and formoterol

23
Q

Side effects of b2 agonists

A 
tachycardia 
Arrythmias 
Myocardial ischaemia 
tremor 
Paradoxical bronchospasm 
hypokalaemia
24
Q

Anticholingergic drugs examples

A

short acting Ipratropium bromide

Long acting: tiotropium

25
Q

Side effects of anticholingergic drugs

A

dry mouth, nausea, headache

cautions: BPH and bladder outflow obstruction. patients susceptble to glaucoma

26
Q

How do xanthines work?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors leading to bronchodilatoin

27
Q

Examples of xanthines

A

theophylline and aminophylline

28
Q

Xanthine side effects

A 
Tachycardia 
Arrythmias 
Agitation 
Convulsions 
Hypokalaemias
29
Q

What does magnesium do?

A

bronchodialate

30
Q

Three exapmles of anti-inflammatory agents

A

Corticosteroids
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Sodium cromoglycate

31
Q

examples or inahled, oral and IV corticosteroids

A

Inhaled: Beclomethasone, Fluticasone and Budesonide
Oral: Prednisolone
IV: Hydrocortisone

32
Q

Coricosteroid side effects

A 
Candidiasis 
Hoarseness 
Adrenal suppression 
Osteoporosis 
Growth restriction in children
33
Q

What do leukotriene receptor antagoists do and what is an example?

A

Block the binding of LTD4 to its receptor on target tissue.

e.g Montelukast

34
Q

Mucolytics

A

Facilitates expectoration by reducing sputum viscosity

35
Q

Life threatening acute exacerbation of asthma

A 
PEF less than 33% 
SpO2 less than 92% 
Silent chest 
Cyanosis 
Poor resp effort 
Arrythmia 
exhaustion
36
Q

bacteriostatic vs barcteriocidal antibiotics

A

Bacteriostatic bacteria stop the bacteria producing toxins - better if bacteria are creating lots of toxins

37
Q

What antibiotics are generally static drugs?

A

tetracyclines

  1. macrolides
  2. clindamycin
  3. quinolones
  4. sulfonamides
  5. aminoglycosides
38
Q

Metaphor for time dependant vs does dependant drugs

A

time dependant you need all the time - mosquito nets if you need to increase, increase frequency
Dose dependant - fly squat you just up the dose not the times taken

39
Q

What cardiac conditions should citalopram be cautioned with?

A

Prolonged QT syndrome, high dose citalopram will increase the QT interval

40
Q

One of the most common side effects of clozapine is

A

constipation

41
Q

Atypical antipsychotics commonly cause

A

weight gain

42
Q

Common side effect of Flucloxacillin

A

cholestasis

43
Q

COmmon side effect of Erythromycin

A

Vomiting

44
Q

Common side effect of Ciprofloxacin

A

Reduced seizure threshold

45
Q

Common side effect of Tetracycline (Malaria)

A

sensitivity to light

46
Q

depolarising muscle relaxant

A

Nicotinic agonist

47
Q

Which drug -A 56-year-old man is treated in ITU after developing cardiogenic shock following a large anterior myocardial infarction.

A

Beta-1 agonists 47%

48
Q

Which one of the following ECG changes is most consistent with a tricyclic overdose

A

QRS widening

49
Q

Rifampicin action and side effects

A

mechanism of action: inhibits bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase preventing transcription of DNA into mRNA
potent liver enzyme inducer
hepatitis, orange secretions
flu-like symptoms

50
Q

Isoniazid mechanism and side effect

A

Isoniazid
mechanism of action: inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
peripheral neuropathy: prevent with pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
hepatitis, agranulocytosis
liver enzyme inhibitor

51
Q

Pyrazinamide mechanism and side effects

A

mechanism of action: converted by pyrazinamidase into pyrazinoic acid which in turn inhibits fatty acid synthase (FAS) I
hyperuricaemia causing gout
arthralgia, myalgia
hepatitis

52
Q

Ethambutol mechanism and side effects

A

mechanism of action: inhibits the enzyme arabinosyl transferase which polymerizes arabinose into arabinan
optic neuritis: check visual acuity before and during treatment
dose needs adjusting in patients with renal impairment

53
Q

etanercept adverse effect

A

TNF-A inhibitors reactivate TB

54
Q

pioglitazone side effect

A

worsening of heart failure

Year 3 (26 decks)

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