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Year 3 > Year 3 Pharmocology > Flashcards

Year 3 Pharmocology Flashcards

1
Q

Effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on electrolytes

A

Hyperkalaemia

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2
Q

What conditions are contraindications with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers?

A

Renal artery stenosis
AKI
CKD monitor

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3
Q

Examples of ACE inhibitors

A

Ramipril
Lisinopril
Perindopril

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4
Q

Examples of angiotensin receptor blockers

A

Losartan
Candesartan
Irbesartan

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5
Q

First line treatment for hypertension

A

ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers if under 55

Calcium channel blockers if over 55 or black afro Caribbean

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6
Q

Side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

Ankle swelling, flushing, headaches and palpitations

Verapamil can cause bradycardia, heart block and heart failure

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7
Q

Warning with calcium channel blockers

A

Poor LV function
Unstable angina
Severe aortic stenosis
Some can’t be prescribed with beta blockers

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8
Q

Examples of calcium channel blockers

A

Amlodipine
Nifedipine
Diltiazem
Verapamil

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9
Q

Example of a loop diuretic

A

Furosemide

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10
Q

Examples of thiazide and thiazide like diuretics

A

Bendroflumethiazide
Indapamide
Chlortalidone

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11
Q

Mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics and effect on electrolytes

A

Inhibit the Na+/Cl- co-transporter in the DCT.

Can cause hyponatraemia

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12
Q

Warnings with thiazide diuretics

A

Can cause hypokalaemia
Do not use in patients with hypokalaemia
The hypokalaemia it causes can cause cardiac arrhythmias

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13
Q

What causes the cough in ACE-I

A

Increased bradykinin

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14
Q

Name two aldosterone receptor antagonists

A

Eplerenone and spironolactone

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15
Q

Four drugs that cause gynaecomastia

A

Ranitidine
Isoniazid
Digoxin
Spironolactone

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16
Q

What drug causes galactorrhoae

A

Chlorpromazine

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17
Q

Iron reduces the absorption of

A

Thyroxine - so will increase TSH

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18
Q

Characteristic side effect of mirtazapine

A

Increase in appetite

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19
Q

name the three major types of bronchodilators

A

Sympathomimetic agents
Anthines
Magnesium

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20
Q

explain b2 adrenoceptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor effect on smooth muscle in the lungs.

A 
B2 bronchodiltion 
Muscarinic bronchoconstriction (so want to block)
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21
Q

what sort of receptor is B2 adrenoceptor?

A

transmembrane g protein coupled, increases cAMP

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22
Q

Types of B2 agnoists

A

SABA salbutamol or terbutaline

LABA salmetrol and formoterol

23
Q

Side effects of b2 agonists

A 
tachycardia 
Arrythmias 
Myocardial ischaemia 
tremor 
Paradoxical bronchospasm 
hypokalaemia
24
Q

Anticholingergic drugs examples

A

short acting Ipratropium bromide

Long acting: tiotropium

25
Side effects of anticholingergic drugs
dry mouth, nausea, headache | cautions: BPH and bladder outflow obstruction. patients susceptble to glaucoma
26
How do xanthines work?
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors leading to bronchodilatoin
27
Examples of xanthines
theophylline and aminophylline
28
Xanthine side effects
``` Tachycardia Arrythmias Agitation Convulsions Hypokalaemias ```
29
What does magnesium do?
bronchodialate
30
Three exapmles of anti-inflammatory agents
Corticosteroids Leukotriene receptor antagonists Sodium cromoglycate
31
examples or inahled, oral and IV corticosteroids
Inhaled: Beclomethasone, Fluticasone and Budesonide Oral: Prednisolone IV: Hydrocortisone
32
Coricosteroid side effects
``` Candidiasis Hoarseness Adrenal suppression Osteoporosis Growth restriction in children ```
33
What do leukotriene receptor antagoists do and what is an example?
Block the binding of LTD4 to its receptor on target tissue. | e.g Montelukast
34
Mucolytics
Facilitates expectoration by reducing sputum viscosity
35
Life threatening acute exacerbation of asthma
``` PEF less than 33% SpO2 less than 92% Silent chest Cyanosis Poor resp effort Arrythmia exhaustion ```
36
bacteriostatic vs barcteriocidal antibiotics
Bacteriostatic bacteria stop the bacteria producing toxins - better if bacteria are creating lots of toxins
37
What antibiotics are generally static drugs?
tetracyclines 3. macrolides 4. clindamycin 5. quinolones 6. sulfonamides 7. aminoglycosides
38
Metaphor for time dependant vs does dependant drugs
time dependant you need all the time - mosquito nets if you need to increase, increase frequency Dose dependant - fly squat you just up the dose not the times taken
39
What cardiac conditions should citalopram be cautioned with?
Prolonged QT syndrome, high dose citalopram will increase the QT interval
40
One of the most common side effects of clozapine is
constipation
41
Atypical antipsychotics commonly cause
weight gain
42
Common side effect of Flucloxacillin
cholestasis
43
COmmon side effect of Erythromycin
Vomiting
44
Common side effect of Ciprofloxacin
Reduced seizure threshold
45
Common side effect of Tetracycline (Malaria)
sensitivity to light
46
depolarising muscle relaxant
Nicotinic agonist
47
Which drug -A 56-year-old man is treated in ITU after developing cardiogenic shock following a large anterior myocardial infarction.
Beta-1 agonists 47%
48
Which one of the following ECG changes is most consistent with a tricyclic overdose
QRS widening
49
Rifampicin action and side effects
mechanism of action: inhibits bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase preventing transcription of DNA into mRNA potent liver enzyme inducer hepatitis, orange secretions flu-like symptoms
50
Isoniazid mechanism and side effect
Isoniazid mechanism of action: inhibits mycolic acid synthesis peripheral neuropathy: prevent with pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) hepatitis, agranulocytosis liver enzyme inhibitor
51
Pyrazinamide mechanism and side effects
mechanism of action: converted by pyrazinamidase into pyrazinoic acid which in turn inhibits fatty acid synthase (FAS) I hyperuricaemia causing gout arthralgia, myalgia hepatitis
52
Ethambutol mechanism and side effects
mechanism of action: inhibits the enzyme arabinosyl transferase which polymerizes arabinose into arabinan optic neuritis: check visual acuity before and during treatment dose needs adjusting in patients with renal impairment
53
etanercept adverse effect
TNF-A inhibitors reactivate TB
54
pioglitazone side effect
worsening of heart failure

Year 3 (26 decks)

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