year 13 research methods

Question 1

why do we use a statistical test

Answer 1

to determine if an difference/ correlation exists in research.
significant or occurred by chance

Question 2

null hypothesis

Answer 2

this is when the findings have occurred by chance
opposite of hypothesis

Question 3

choosing a statistical test

Answer 3

1. difference or correlation
2. related vs unrelated (not correlation)
3. levels of measurement
   Some Women Really Can’t Measure Under Circumstances So Petty

Question 4

related design

Answer 4

matched pairs, repeated measures

Question 5

unrelated design

Answer 5

correlation

Question 6

nominal data

Answer 6

a level of measurement when data is in seperate categories

Question 7

ordinal data

Answer 7

subjective. data organised in a way but intervals inbetween each item is unequal and can be ranked against eachother

Question 8

interval data

Answer 8

mathematically measured. the speed or time it takes someone to do something.

Question 9

nominal statistical tests

Answer 9

unrelated- chi squared. related- sign test. association test- chi squared

Question 10

ordinal statistical tests

Answer 10

unrelated- mann whitney. related- wilcoxon. association- spearmens rho

Question 11

interval statistical tests

Answer 11

unrelated- unrelated t-test. related- related t-test. association- pearsons R

Question 12

level of significance in psychology

Answer 12

0.05

Question 13

chi squared degree of freedom - spread of data

Answer 13

(rows-1) x (collumns-1)

Question 14

pearsons R degree of freedom

Answer 14

n-2

Question 15

related t-test degree of freedom

Answer 15

n-1

Question 16

unrelated t-test degree of freedom

Answer 16

na + nb - 2

Question 17

type 1 errors

Answer 17

null hypothesis is rejected when the results were acc due to chance and the researcher is being optimistic

Question 18

type 11 errors

Answer 18

null hypothesis is accepted when the results are actually significant and the researcher is being pessimistic.

Question 19

correlation

Answer 19

a measure of how strongly two or more variables are related to eachother - cannot establish cause and effect

Question 20

disadv of correlations

Answer 20

do not show causation, dame weakness as methods used to gather data, misleading, cannot establish real cause

Question 21

adv of correlations

Answer 21

good pilot study, can research unethical variables without doing an experiment, understand relationships between variables (pos/neg)

Question 22

psychological report

Answer 22

abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion

Question 23

features of science - empirical

Answer 23

data must be collected based on the theory in an experiment or observation for example

Question 24

features of science - objectivity

Answer 24

this aims to reduce bias. may use 2 researchers and compare. lab studies help to stop bias

Question 25

features of science - replicability

Answer 25

Popper argued a experiment or theory should be able to be replicated in order for the findings to be allowed to be generalised

Question 26

festures of science - falsifiability

Answer 26

if you cannot test that a theory is wrong it is not scientific. e.g. freuds theories about the 3 parts of personality

Question 27

features of science - paradigm shifts

Answer 27

complete shifts in what the theory or science believes in. e.g from Freud, to bandura, to neuroscience

Question 28

features of science - a theory

Answer 28

a set of general laws that can explain particular behaviours etc

Question 29

sign test step 1

Answer 29

put the data collected into a table

Question 30

sign test step 2

Answer 30

subtract scores from condition A and B then record differences in score with +/-/= signs

Question 31

sign test step 3

Answer 31

add up + and - and smaller number is value S

Question 32

sign test step 4

Answer 32

compare S w critical value of that type of hypothesis and number of ppts to see if significant. if calculated value is smaller then or equal to the critical value the score is significant