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psychology a level > attatchment > Flashcards

attatchment Flashcards

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1
Q

Harlows mokeys

A

two wire model mums, one with fur. wire one had milk fur didn’t. in normal and frightening situations the monkeys turned to the fur model for constant comfort
> contact comfort more important then food, when older they were aggressive and neglecting to off spring
(nurture)

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2
Q

Lorenz geese

A

12 geese eggs, half see him when hatched, half see mum when hatched. mixed geese together to see who they would follow.
> incubator followed Lorenz normal followed mum. imprinting is 2 hours after hatching
(nature)

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3
Q

evaluating Harlows monkeys

A

+ supported by IWM, contact comfort > food

- difficult to generalise as humans are more complex then rheus monkeys

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4
Q

evaluating Lorenz geese

A

+ Gutton found chicks imprinted on gloves and tried to mate wit them - young animals innately imprint and have a critical window of development
- cannot generalise as humans are more complicated

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5
Q

mono-tropic attachment

A

primary attachment to one caregiver which is more important then others

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6
Q

critical period

A

2 years where attachment system is active, sensitive period

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7
Q

internal working model

A

mental rep of relationship with primary caregiver. a template for what all relationships are like.

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8
Q

social releasers

A

crying, smiling, cooing, gripping to caregiver all make it easier for caregiver to form an attachment

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9
Q

secure base

A

usually mum and is monotropic. allows baby to explore with mum as safety

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10
Q

bowlbys theory of attachment

A

attachment needed for survival, to one caregiver, secure base as protection from the world, social releasers encourage attention from adults, critical period of 2 years

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11
Q

evaluation of Bowlby (+)

A

Lorenz geese supports critical attachment
Harlows mokeys supports the IWM use attachment experiences for form future attachments - damage in early years is irreversible

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12
Q

Genie - wild child

A

american wild child who suffered abuse and social isolation from 20 months
a unique opportunity to study language and brain development

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13
Q

evaluation of learning theory

A

Lorenz geese stayed imprinted regardless of who fed them
Harlows mokeys attached to soft mother not wire milk mother
attachment is not developed due to learning theory
best attachments are with carers who pick up signals and react to them

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14
Q

Ainswirths 5 categories

A

proximity, exploration and secure base, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, response to reunion

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15
Q

Ainswirths strange situation

A

encouraged to explore, stranger enters, caregiver leaves, caregiver returns stranger leaves, caregiver leaves, stranger returns, caregiver returns

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16
Q

insecure avoidance

A

child explores but does not seek proximity, little separation anxiety and do not require comfort at reunion

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17
Q

insecure resistance

A

does not explore and seeks proximity, shows separation anxiety and seeks comfort at reunion

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18
Q

secure attachment

A

infant shoes distress when caregiver leaves but can compose themselves quickly when they return

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19
Q

evaluation of Ainsworth +

A

+ internally valid > secure = better relationship, resistant = bully (explains outcomes)

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20
Q

evaluation of Ainsworth -

A
  • ethical issues > distress for mother and baby
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21
Q

individualist

A

giving priority to personal goals and yourself

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22
Q

collectivist

A

to view yourself as part of a larger group over an independent being

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23
Q

German attatchment

A

highest insecure avoidant as children are taught to be independent from a young age

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24
Q

israel attachment

A

highest insecure resistant as children are brought up in large communities and are rarely left alone

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25
Q

UK attachment

A

highest secure attachment as we are individualist

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26
Q

maternal deprivation

A

emotional and intellectual damage of separation of a child from thier mum. Bowlby said that continuous care from a mum is essential. for normal psychological development, prolonged separation can cause serious damage

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27
Q

separation

A

not in the presence of primary caregiver

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28
Q

deprivation

A

prolonged separation where child loses emotional care from primary caregiver

29
Q

intellectual affects on development from deprivation

A

experience delayed intellectual development, low IQ

Goldfarb- adopted children in institutions have lower IQ then forstered kids

30
Q

emotional effects on development from deprivation

A

affectionless psychopathy as being unable to experience strong emotions. prevents relationship development and relates to criminal activity.

31
Q

Bowlbys 44 thieves study

A

link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation

32
Q

44 thieves procedure

A

44 teens accused of stealing, interviewed for signs of AP, families also interviews to see for maternal deprivation. sample was compared to a control group of non criminal disturbed teens

33
Q

44 thieves findings

A

14 of the 44 were affectionless psychopaths and 12 of the 14 had maternal deprivation. only 2 in the control group had separation. bowlby said the separation made people affectionless psychopaths.

34
Q

negative of 44 theives

A

retrospective data, lied to look better. not reliable.

conducted interviews himself creates interviewer bias

35
Q

+ maternal deprivation

A

animal studies, Levy,separating rats from mum effects social development. however cannot generalise, unethical

36
Q

neg maternal deprivation

A

deprivation vs privation. privation is failure to form any attachment eg orphans. Bowlby overestimated serious of deprivation
conflicting evidence. Hilda no association between separation and criminals. however 2010 shows poor maternal care links w psycho

37
Q

institutionalisation

A

the effects of living in an institution setting for a long period of time where little emotional care is provided

38
Q

romanias pro family policy

A

president required women to have at least 5 kids - ending up in orphanages

39
Q

rutter romanian adoptee study procedure

A

165 Romanian orphans looked at age 4,6,11,15,22. compared to UK adopted control group. investigate if hood care can make up for poor early experiences

40
Q

rutter Romanian adoptee study findings

A

1/2 showed signs of delayed intellectual development. age 11 showed diff rates of recovery based on adoptee age. IQ 77 if adopted after 2y IQ 102 before 6m. disinhibited attachment after 6m

41
Q

disinhibited attachment

A

attention seeking, clingy, bad social behaviour, familiar towards strangers

42
Q

Zeanah early intervention project procedure

A

assess attachment of 95 romanian orphans age 12-31m compared to 50 none institution kids. used strange situation and asked carers about behaviour

43
Q

Zeanah early intervention project findings

A

19% of institution = secure attachment. 74% secure in control. 44% disinhibited attachment for institution and 20% for control group.

44
Q

socially sensitive research

A

research that has potentially negative consequences for those involved

45
Q

neg romanian orphan studies

A

socially sensitive- people may treat them diff. however a lot has been learnt to benefit future orphans

46
Q

+ romanian orphan studies

A

new policies on childcare. children cannot have a lot of caregivers.gives a chance to develop normally.
lack of confounding variables. results are not confounded by other negative early experiences other then adoption. 1 confounding variable is the conditions in orphanages are bad

47
Q

privation

A

failure to develop any attachment in early life

48
Q

affectionless psychopathy

A

the inability to experience guilt or emotion towards others and a lack of social conscience

49
Q

stages of attatchment

A

proposed by schaffer and emerson after they investigated babies reactions to seperations from 0-12 months and again at 18 months.

50
Q

asocial stage of attatchment

A

first few weeks of life.
forms bonds w caters but behaviour to humans and inanimate objects are the same. some preference for familiar adults

51
Q

indiscriminate attatchment

A

2-7 months. preference for humans. prefer familiar adults. accept comfort from any adult

52
Q

specific attatchment

A

from 7 months. anxiety towards strangers. separation anxiety when separated from primary attatchment - the person who responds to signals the most and interacts the most

53
Q

multiple attachments

A

starting to show attachment to more then 1 adult that they regularly spend time w. this is known as secondary attatchment

54
Q
  • of stages of attatchment
A

asocial stage is hard to study. e.g young babies have poor coordination and are immobile. means very hard to make judgments about behaviour. meaning can’t be relied on.
Also culture bias as some cultures bring up babies w multiple people meaning they gain multiple attatchments early on which contradicts schafer

55
Q

+ stages of attatchment

A

the study was done in the babies home making it a natural environment for them. therefore it has high external validity. this shows it applies to real life situations as the babies will not act differently due to being in another environment.

56
Q

interactional synchrony

A

when the baby reacts in some way to what the caregiver does

57
Q

reciprocity

A

when the caregiver and baby react back forth towards eachothers behaviours

58
Q

imitation

A

where the infant copies the adult behaviour directly

59
Q

sensitive responsiveness

A

responding to babies communication appropriately

60
Q

caregiverese

A

where adults change their voice to slow it down and heighten pitch

61
Q

body contact

A

close skin to skin contact to help bonding process

62
Q

research for caregiver infant interactions - melzoff and moore

A

an experimenter adult displayed facial and physical gestures that caused the infant to imitate them at only 12-21 days old. shows imitation can be very active early on in life.

63
Q

research for caregiver infant interaction - Papusek

A

cross culture research that showed american, german, and chinese mothers all used caregiverese to interact with babies. means it may be innate behaviours for infant and adults

64
Q

caregiver infant interactions - eval

A

modern studies use inter rated reliability.
however, infant can’t communicate w language so researcher makes inferences meaning it is unscientific. this means any imitation may not be deliberate.
can also be socially sensitive for how some mothers act w babies e.g. going back to work early.

65
Q

shaffer and emerson study

A

P - 60 babies looked at on stranger anxiety and separation anxiety from 1-12months and again at 18m.
F - separation anxiety at 25-32 weeks. at 18m 87% developed multiple attatchments

66
Q

role of the father

A

primary attachment was mainly mum. 3% was dad.
there is changing cultural roles where dad could be more likely to take caring roles than in the 60s. fathers always engage in play compared to mum.

67
Q

verssimo - role of the father

A

observation of pre school kids. a strong attachment to dad was important to help the ability to make friends in school.

68
Q

eval role of the father

A

gives confidence in modern day society to single gender families and single dads that they can take on more maternal roles and be primary care giver
however infants can’t verbally communicate.

psychology a level (16 decks)

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