relationships

Question 1

anisogamy

Answer 1

refers to the difference between male and female sex cells. male gametes are small and generated in vast numbers, little energy required. female invest lots of energy into egg, limited by small amount of fertile years

Question 2

intersexual selection

Answer 2

competition between individuals of the same sex for mates

Question 3

sexual selection

Answer 3

evolutionary explanation for partner preference. attributes of behaviour that increase reproductive success are passed on and exaggerated through generations

Question 4

the runaway process

Answer 4

if a certain characteristic is desirable then it will carry on through generations

Question 5

sexy son hypothesis

Answer 5

females who mate with males that have certain characteristics will be passed onto sons who inherit these traits meaning he will be selected by future generations

Question 6

gender difference BUSS 1989

Answer 6

questionnaire, 10000 m/f, 37 diff cultures. ppts asked about preferences for variables in a partner. women valued money and safety and men valued youth and reproduction

Question 7

sexual strategy theory BUSS/SCHMITT 1993

Answer 7

diff strategies for choosing long and short term relationships. vary on social context and personal values etc.

Question 8

short term sexual strategies

Answer 8

m) fertility, minimise cost/ risk
f) gene quality

Question 9

long term sexual strategies

Answer 9

m) good parent, commitment
f) willing to invest, physical protection, loyal

Question 10

sexual dimorphism

Answer 10

the idea all humans look different

Question 11

+(pos) evolutionary relationships
BUSS

Answer 11

support between evolutionary selection and human behaviour > buss 1989 ppts asked abt partner preference. is due to anisogamy and partner preference. good as can be applied to many cultures

Question 12

+(pos) evolutionary theory

Answer 12

female choosiness is a reality for heterosexual relationships > m/f students sent around campus > asked people if they would come to bed w them > no women said yes, 75% male did > supports evolutionary as shoes females are choosier then males.

Question 13

-(neg) evolutionary theory
CHANG

Answer 13

partner preference influenced by changing norms > women’s greater role in the workplace > no longer depend on men to provide for them > do not make resource orientated preference > chang compared preferences in china and they changed over 25 years > preferences are not just down to evolutionary theory

Question 14

self disclosure theory

Answer 14

revealing personal information about yourself. more about your true self comes out as your relationship develops. this strengthens romantic relationships

Question 15

social penetration theory

Answer 15

more breadth then depth on the first date. gradually get deeper longer together > must be reciprocated. allowing eachother to penetrate personalities

Question 16

depenetration

Answer 16

partners reduce their amount of disclosure as they lose interest interest in a relationship if deeper chats are not reciprocated

Question 17

+ self disclosure theory - support from research

Answer 17

Sprecher/Hendrick 2004> straight couples and found correlations between relationship satisfaction and self disclosure > those who used sd were more satisfied w commitment in their relationship. it has also been proved sd improves intimacy > ^ validity

Question 18

+ self disclosure theory - real life application

Answer 18

can help who want to improve relationships> use self disclosure to increase intimacy and strengthen bond> Hass/ Stafford found 57% of gay people said sd was their main way of maintaining a healthy relationship> if partners could learn sd it could bring benefits to relationships > valid as applies to gay and straight

Question 19

-(neg) self disclosure theory - cultural bias

Answer 19

increasing breath and depth does not link to all cultures> tang found US disclosure more feelings about sexual practice then china> however both are important in each culture> depends on type of self disclosure > limited explanation of relationships

Question 20

physical attractiveness

Answer 20

Shackelford/ Larson found people with symmetrical faces are rated more attractive as if shows a sign of genetic fitness.

Question 21

neotenous faces

Answer 21

younger looking. large eyes, small nose. women like this as shows men are more caring. men like this as shows fertility

Question 22

halo effect (thorndike 1920)

Answer 22

making assumptions about someone’s intelligence: competence based on their attractiveness

Question 23

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 23

if we believe some is attractive we act more positive towards them which leads them to change their behaviour.
this can happen in school, workplace etc

Question 24

+ halo effect - evidence physical attractiveness is associated w halo effect

Answer 24

palmer/peterson found physically attractive people were rated more politically knowledgable. even when ppts knew they had no expertise they still voted them as more competent. implications on political process and people may vote for physically attractive politicians

Question 25

+ halo effect - expectations for students based on physical attractiveness

Answer 25

teachers provided w objective info of academic potential and photo, teachers academic attitudes towards students is based on attractiveness.

Question 26

+ halo effect - the criminal justice system

Answer 26

found that the judgment of culpability and sentences recommended was less for those who were more attractive. society holds the perception that more attractive people have better prospects in society than less attractive.

Question 27

the matching hypothesis

Answer 27

waister found we look for partners w a similar level of attractiveness instead if choosing the most attractive people

Question 28

waister and waisters research

Answer 28

procedure - m/f students invited to a dance. rated on attractiveness by observers and filled out a questionnaire about themselves and told the data would chose their partner
findings - the most liked partners were the most physically attractive.

Question 29

Berschied replica of matching hypothesis study

Answer 29

ppts could chose their own partner and they chose ones that matched their attractiveness.

Question 30

macho scale

Answer 30

high scores on the macho scale suggest liking for attractive people and least liking for unattractive

Question 31

filter theory

Answer 31

we all start looking at available options and then usually apply criteria to potential partners

Question 32

filter model

Answer 32

social demography - age ethnicity, location
similarity in issues - basic values/ attitudes
complementarity - harmoniousness of needs

Question 33

social demography

Answer 33

factors that impact the potential to meet their partner.
eg proximity, social class, religion, ethnicity, level of education

Question 34

similarity in attitudes

Answer 34

basic values need to be shared to encourage a deeper connection - important for short term relationships

Question 35

complementary

Answer 35

characteristics that complement each other, sometimes opposites makes them feel whole with their partner

Question 36

+ filter theory

Answer 36

Winch found similarities of personality in early relationships but complimentarity of needs is more important to relationship to last. This shows the filters may determine the development of the relationship. this shows the validity of the theory has been supported by real relationships