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psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Becks explanation of depression

A
  • faulty information processes
  • negative self schemas about yourself
  • research supports that cognitive vulnerabilities are likely in depressed patients
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2
Q

Becks negative triad

A

self “i am worthless” > future “nothing will ever change” > world “everything is against me”

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3
Q

Ellis’ explantion of depression

A
  • good mental health is the result of rational thinking
  • depression is a result of irrational thinking
  • irrational thoughts prevent us from being happy
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4
Q

Ellis’ ABC model

A

activating event ( breakup) > irrational belief > unhealthy negative emotions

activating event > rational belief > healthy negative emotions

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5
Q

Beck v Ellis

A

beck > faulty info processing, negative self schemas, negative traid

ellis > activating event, belief, consequence

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6
Q

evaluating Becks approach (positive)

A

evidence to support

  • Grazioli + Terry assessed 69 preg women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth
  • women high in cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post-natal depression
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7
Q

evaluating Becks approach (negative)

A

does not explain all aspects of depression

- does not explain extreme anger, hallucinations and bizzare thoughts

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8
Q

evaluating Ellis explanation (positive)

A

lead to therapies

  • challenging irrational beliefs allow a person to reduce their depression
  • supports that irrational beliefs play some role in the development of depression
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9
Q

evaluating Ellis’ explanation (negative)

A

does not easily explain the symptoms of anger associated with depression

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10
Q

CBT to treat depression

A

CBT - talkinf therapy teaches you coping mechanisms for dealing with problems

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11
Q

evaluation of CBT

A

+ just as effective as medication - March antidepressant 81%, CBT 81%

  • patients may not have motivation for CBT in severe cases
  • bases on quality of relationship with therapist
  • does not barrel childhood traumas
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12
Q

OCD

A

anxiety disorder characterised by obsessions and compulsions
obsession - persistent, irrational, unwanted thoughts
compulsion - task to relieve themselves

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13
Q

behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

repetitive compulsions, compelled to repeat
compulsions reduce anxiety
avoid situations to reduce anxiety

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14
Q

cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

90% have obsessive thoughts that recur
are aware their obsessions are irrational
overcome by coping strategies

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15
Q

emotional characteristics of OCD

A

guilt and disgust towards others
low mood/ lack of enjoyment
high levels of anxiety

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16
Q

biologically explaining OCD - genetics

A

candidate genes make vulnerability for OCD - dopamine, seratonin = neurotransmitters that regulate mood
230 diff genre may be involved - polygenic
diff genes for diff peoples is aetiologically heterogeneous

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17
Q

biologically explaining OCD - neutral

A

low levels of serotonin affect mood
impaired decision making due to abnormal functioning in the lateral frontal lobes of the brain
abnormal functioning of parrahippocampui gurus

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18
Q

treatment of OCD with drugs

A

drug therapy > SSRI’s - release serotonin to synapse and receptor, absorbed into sending sell, increase seretonin
+ effective, better then placebos soomro, cost effective

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19
Q

deviation from ideal mental health

A

good well-being, ability to manage stress, have a good outlook on yourself, western individual bias

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20
Q

what is a phobia

A

an irrational and chronic fear of something that would not usually trouble most people

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21
Q

specific phobias

A

animals, clowns, spiders etc

22
Q

social phobias

A

people who fear big crowds or one to one interactions

23
Q

agoraphobia

A

an irrational fear of having a panic attack on situations where u could not escape

24
Q

cognitive symptoms of phobias

A

irrational beliefs in relation to phobia, cognitive distortions

25
emotional symptoms of phobias
anxiety comes with fear immediate and unpleasant
26
behavioural symptoms of phobias
avoiding social situations because you are scared incase you come in contact with your phobia, enduring phobia, avoiding daily life
27
two process model Mowrer
classical conditioning - UCS triggers fear (UCR), NS associated with UCS, NS becomes CS producing fear operant conditioning - negative reinforcement from avoiding unpleasant, reduces fear and abs reinforces avoidance behaviour
28
failure to function adequately
inability to cope with everyday life | seligman - distress, hygiene, job, irrational beliefs
29
deviation from ideal mental health
8 criterias - no distress, rational, self actualise, can cope with stress, realistic view of world, high self esteem, independent, successful in work, love, leisure
30
statistical infrequency
statistics, rare is abnormal | anything below 2% is abnormal
31
deviation from social norms
when a person behaves different as expected | for example homosexuality in some cultures is abnormal
32
adv of statistical infrequency
real world application, intellectual disability disorder bottom 2%, useful for diagnosis
33
disadv of statistical infrequency
unusual characteristics can be pos, IQ above 130 is unusual but is regarded as desirable, not useful to define abnormality
34
adv of deviation from social norms
real world application, antisocial personality disorder as they fail to conform to ethical standards, useful for diagnosis
35
disadv of deviation from social norms
do not suit all cultures, could call someone in another culture abnormal based on our beliefs not there’s, hearing voices socially acceptable in some cultures, difficult to judge
36
adv of failure to function adequately
threshold for profess help, when we cease to function we seek or are referred for help, helps treat those who need it most
37
disadv of failure to function adequately
can lead to discrimination, people may want to deviate from this, chose to take part in high risk activities, freedom of choice is restricted
38
adv of deviation from ideal mental health
covers reasons why we may need help, meaningful discussion of mental health, checklist to assess ourselves and others
39
disadv of deviation from ideal mental health
limited to western worlds, value of independence high germany, low israel, difficult to apply to all cultures
40
behavioural characteristics of depression
reduced energy, bad sleep/eating habits, self harm, aggression
41
emotional characteristics of depression
low mood, anger, low self esteem
42
cognitive characteristics of depression
poor concentration, focus on negative aspects, absolute thinking of everything as bad
43
+ two process model
real world application, exposure therapies, reduces anxiety, means of treating phobias + phobias link to bad experience, 73% of dentist phobias experienced trauma, stimulus and UCR leads to phobias
44
neg two process model
can’t explain cognitive aspects, irrational beliefs, does not fully explain symptoms of phobias and biological preparedness
45
flooding to treat phobias
1. immediate exposure to phobia with no build up 2. they cannot avoid the phobia so they learn it is harmless (extinction) 3. unpleasant so must be informed consent
46
+ flooding
cost effective, only needs one session, more people can be treat at the same cost of other therapies
47
neg flooding Schumacher
traumatic, Schumacher found ppts and therapist rated flooding as more traumatic then SD, higher attrition rates, therapist may avoid treatment
48
systematic desensitisation
gradually reduce anxiety, CS which produces fear is paired with relaxation and becomes the CR, form an anxiety hierarchy from least to most scary, relaxation practiced at each level of hierarchy
49
+ SSRIs
Soomro found 17 ppts that had real drugs over their placebos were better off. even more effective when used alongside CBT. drugs reduce 70% of ppls symptoms so works for most people
50
neg of drug therapies
side effects. e.g. blurred vision. 1-100 people suffer from aggression and disruption to cardiac health. Means people stop taking meds
51
+ drug therapies - cheap
cheaper for NHS. people do not need to engage in hard work and psychologists are not needed more, means doctors are quick to prescribe them

psychology a level (16 decks)

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