biospychology Flashcards

Question

motor area of the brain

Answer 1

located in the frontal lobe and control movement, right side controls left side of body and left side controls right. if damaged patient will lose control of movement or movement all together

Answer 2

on the parietal lobe and processes sensory information. if damaged the patient will have a loss of senses

Answer 3

in the occipital lobe. receives and processes visual info. if you look right controlled in the left. look left controlled in right. if damaged patient will have loss of sight

Answer 4

in the temporal lobe. analysis of speech info. if damaged patient will have loss of hearing

Answer 5

in the left of frontal lobe. responsible for speech production. if damaged will have loss of language - known as brocas area

Answer 6

temporal lobe. responsible for language comprehension. if damaged patient will have loss of understanding of language and being unable to form sentences

Answer 7

peterson used brain scans to show activity in wernickes area when listening and Brocas when reading. Tulving long term memory found semantic and episodic memory found in diff parts of brain. scientific evidence of localisation of function

Answer 8

lashley removed areas of the cortex in rats learning the route of a maze. learning required all of the cortex not a particular area. suggests not localised but holistic

Answer 9

the brain is lateralised in two sides. left and right

Answer 10

used to treat mental disorders. doherty studied 44 OCD ppts who had a cingulotomy. 30% had successful response and 14% partial response. behaviours associated w serious mental disorders may be lateralised

Answer 11

when the corpus collosum that connects the left and right hemisphere is cut to treat epilepsy

Answer 12

11 split brain ppts studied using a set up of an image or word projected to RVF(LH) And same or diff imagine projected to LVF(RH). means info cannot be conveyed between hemispheres

Answer 13

object shown to RVF - ppts can describe it (language centre in LH). object show to LVF - cannot name object, can select matching object or closely associated object behind screen using left hand.

Answer 14

split brain ppts are faster at finding odd one out in array of similair objects than normal brain ppts. processing abilities are watered down in normal brain by inferior right hemisphere. supports lateralisation and different functions in each

Answer 15

ppts compared to control group w corpus collosum but they didn’t have epilepsy. confounding variable as the differences may be due to epilepsy not split brain. some of the features of the split brain ppts could be down to thier epilepsy

Answer 16

ppts we’re not deliberately harmed he merely took advantage of the split brain procedure. however longitudinal study so it may be stressful for ppts however they have the right to w withdraw whenever they want

Answer 17

growth of new synaptic connections. can happen anytime in life

Answer 18

2000 compared hippocampus of london taxi drivers to control group taxi drivers have more grey matter due to learning to roads. knowledge can change the structure of the brain

Answer 19

healthy brain areas take over functions from damaged areas. happens very quick after trauma. (spontaneous recovery).

Answer 20

new connections near damaged area. allows secondary neural pathway to take over functions

Answer 21

axonal sprouting - new nerve endings reforming blood vessels recruiting homologous (similar) areas to proceed functions

Answer 22

practical application of neurorehabilation. e.g. electrical stimulation or movement therapy to counter deficits in the brain. shows that the brain can fix itself to an extent but by introducing therapies it gives maximum success

Answer 23

neg consequences - 60-80% of amputees have phantom limb syndrome - sensation that body part is there when it’s not. this is very painful due to the reorganisation of the somatosensory area. shows processes in functional recovery may not always be beneficial to recovering both mentally and physically

Answer 24

detects change in blood oxygenation as when an area is active it needs more of both

Answer 25

+ non invasive, high spatial resolution meaning a clear pic - very expensive and only works when perfectly still, low temporal resolution so does not show moment to moment activity

Answer 26

measuring electrical activity in the brain via electrodes using a skull cap. helpful when diagnosing

Answer 27

+ helps diagnose conditions as shows irregular activity, high temporal resolution so accurate timing - low spatial resolution so cannot see exact areas of activity

Answer 28

extraneous brain activity removed from EEG findings leaving response to particular task

Answer 29

+ specific measurements of neural activity, amazing temporal resolution compared to FMRI - lack of standardisation in studies, hard to remove extraneous variables

Answer 30

analysis of the physical brain after death. usually done when cause of death is unknown.

Answer 31

+ vital for early understanding of brains, improves medical knowledge -causation as deficits may not be down to what your investigating, ethical issues around consent

Answer 32

internal biological clocks

Answer 33

factors from environment

Answer 34

usually 24 hours e.g sleep wake cycle

Answer 35

a 24 hour clock that influences our sleep/wake. it is controlled by internal and external

Answer 36

spent month in a cave w no natural light. he fell asleep and woke on a regular basis w a 25 hour rhythm

Answer 37

ppts spent 4 weeks in ww2 bunkers w no light all ppts had a sleep wake cycle between 24/25 hours

Answer 38

application to shift work. understanding consequences from disruption to rhythm. Boivin found shift workers lack concentration at 6am. link between shifts and health. shows us how to manage work productivity

Answer 39

Aschoff/ weaver and siffre all had small samples or a CS. hard to generalise as may not represent whole population. siffre found his internal clock slowed at age 60. shows that even same people have differences. this may suggests to do it w control groups. prevents general conclusions being made

Answer 40

ppts in studies derived of natural light but still had lamps. has been assumed artificial light will not influence of circadian rhythms. however Czieler was able to adjust circadian rhythms using AL from 22-28 hours. this confounding variable may have been too ignored

Answer 41

longer than 24 hours

Answer 42

28 days. oestrogen develops/ releases an egg. progesterone thickens womb lining for pregnancy. if not fertilised the womb lining sheds (period)

Answer 43

pheromones taken from 9 armpits of 29 ppts w irregular periods. rubbed onto upper lip of other ppts. 68% ppts had changed to MC thst brought them closer to odour donor. suggests MC can be influenced by EZ

Answer 44

depression during winter months when delight hours are less. pineal gland secretes melatonin to help us sleep at stops at light. less light in morning means it goes on for longer. knock on effect of serotonin production (links to depression) circannual rhythm

Answer 45

short cycles that happen more than once in 24 hours within other cycles

Answer 46

found through EEG 1/2 - light sleep. slow waves (alpha) 3/4 - delta waves = slower. deep sleep and hard to wake 5 - REM - body is paralysed but brain speeds up. rapid eye movement

Answer 47

evolutionary value of MC. good for ancestors to ovulate together as child can be raised collectively. if mother dies other women can feed baby. Schank argued this would cause comp for highest quality males and overall decrease the quality of off-spring. may be better if their cycles were not synced.

Answer 48

CV for changes to MC. mclintocks findings may have occurred by chance. also relays on self report techs. these studies lack control and validity.

Answer 49

pheromones studies mainly coem form animals. e.g. sea urchins release them so sex cells can be released simultaneously. evidence of pheromones on human behaviour is inconclusive. we can’t generalise this to humans without some backup research

Answer 50

SCN in hypothalamus receives info on light levels via optic nerve. SCN sends signals to pineal glands to produce melatonin when dark. inhibits brain mechanisms and induces sleep

Answer 51

removed SCN from 30 chipmunks. released them back into wild after 80 days most were killed due to them being awake when they shouldn’t be and being vulnerable to prey.

Answer 52

light levels - retina sends brightness levels to SCN. social ques - schedules imposed by parents from 16 weeks e.g. bedtime.

Answer 53

15 ppts woken at random times in night and light shone on the backs of their knees sleep wake cycle deviated by 3 hours each way

Answer 54

research evidence. Burgess exposed ppts to bright lights that made their sleep wake cycle deviate by 2 hours. shows light is important in the cycle as an EZ that resets out biological clock.

Answer 55

generalising animal studies - we are different contradictory evidence. people in arctic still having normal cycles despite prolonged exposure to light. maybe light does not influence our rhythms that much?