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APES > XIII - Water > Flashcards

XIII - Water Flashcards

1
Q

Freshwater makes up about what percentage of all water?

A

2.6%

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2
Q

Freshwater composition

A
  1. 984% Ice caps & glaciers
  2. 592% Groundwater
  3. 014% Readily accessible freshwater
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3
Q

Readily accessible freshwater breakdown

A
  1. 007% lakes
  2. 005% soil moisture
  3. 001% atmospheric water vapor
  4. 0001% rivers
  5. 0001% biota
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4
Q

What percentage of Earth’s water is readily accessible freshwater?

A

0.003%

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5
Q

What percent of freshwater is used for agriculture?

A

69%
(60%–80% wasted)
800 gallons = 1 lb
grain–beef

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6
Q

What percent of freshwater is used for industry?

A

23%
100,000 gallons = 1 car
1,000 gallons = 1 lb of
aluminum

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7
Q

What percent of freshwater is used for domestic purposes?

A

8%

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8
Q

surface hydrology

A

Local precipitation leads to surface runoff, ground infiltration, & evapotranspiration (evaporation + transpiration).

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9
Q

Surface water

A

precipitation that does not infiltrate

the ground or evaporate

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10
Q

Watershed

A

region from which water drains into a

water body

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11
Q

Groundwater

A

water that infiltrates the ground & is

stored in voids between soil particles

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12
Q

aquifers

A

porous, water–saturated layers of soil or

rock through which groundwater flows

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13
Q

recharge area

A

any area of land through which water

passes into an aquifer

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14
Q

Unconfined aquifers

A

have a zone of infiltration
above (unsaturated) & a water table below which
is saturated.

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15
Q

Confined aquifers

A

bounded above & below by
less permeable rock; groundwater in this type of
aquifer is confined under pressure

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16
Q

Groundwater moves from

A

the recharge area
through an aquifer & out to a discharge area (well,
spring, lake, geyser, stream, or ocean)

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17
Q

Causes of water shortages

A

Dry climate
Drought
Desiccation
Water stress

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18
Q

Drought

A

a period in which precipitation is lower &

evaporation is higher than normal

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19
Q

Desiccation

A

drying of the soil as a result of deforestation

& overgrazing

20
Q

Processes involved in groundwater hydrology

A 
Evaporation
Runoff
Precipitation
Transpiration
Infiltration
21
Q

Components involved in groundwater hydrology

A 
Confined aquifer recharge area
Unconfined aquifer recharge area
Confined aquifer
Unconfined aquifer
Flowing artesian well
Stream
Lake
22
Q

Pros of dams & reservoirs

A

Useful for recreation & fishing
Produce cheap hydro power
Provide year-round irrigation of cropland
Downstream flooding is reduced

23
Q

Cons of dams & reservoirs

A

Enormous losses of water through evaporation
Expensive to construct
Disrupted fish migration
Downstream cropland deprived of nutrient rich soil
Danger of collapse
Mass of water can cause earthquakes
flooded land destroys forests/ croplands & displace people

24
Q

Ways to supply more water

A 
Dams & reservoirs
Water transfer
Groundwater supplies
Desalination
Reverse Osmosis
25
Q

Dams & reservoirs example

A

Colorado River

26
Q

Colorado River

A

system of dams & canals provides electricity & cheap

water for agriculture, industry, & cities

27
Q

Why doesn’t the Colorado River make it to the Gulf of California?

A

• limited water supply must be divided between farmers,

ranchers, cities, Native Americans, Mexico, & wildlife

28
Q

Colorado River conflict

A

population growth in the lower basin is increasing

demand beyond the allocated supply

29
Q

California Water Project Problem

A

• most of the rainfall is in northern California
• most of the population growth & agriculture is in
southern California

30
Q

California Water Project solution

A

• water transferred to the south via dams, pumps, &

aqueducts

31
Q

California Water Project controversy

A

• southern California wants more water for growing cities
• much of the water transferred is wasted by inefficient
irrigation
• the north needs the water for fisheries & flushing
pollutants out of San Francisco Bay
©

32
Q

Groundwater supplies problems

A

Groundwater in the U.S. is being withdrawn at about

four times its replacement rate

33
Q

Consequences of this problem

A 
• aquifer depletion
• aquifer subsidence
land sinks when
water is withdrawn
• saltwater intrusion
34
Q

Using water efficiently

A 
Increase efficiency of irrigation
Use recycled water
Fix leaky pipes
Water-saving toilets, faucets, & shower heads
Xeriscaping
35
Q

How to increase efficiency of irrigation

A

drip irrigation, central–pivot, computer monitoring

36
Q

How to use recycled water

A

treat gray water from showers, washing machines for

reuse

37
Q

Xeriscaping

A

plant drought–tolerant vegetation in residential

communities located in arid & semi–arid areas

38
Q

Desalinization

A

Making fresh water

from salt water

39
Q

How does desalinization work

A

Boiling salt water-> steam -> collect steam

40
Q

Reverse osmosis

A

Making freshwater from salt water using hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

41
Q

Flooding

A

result of heavy, prolonged rain or rapid snowmelt causing water in a river to
overflow its channel

42
Q

How can human activities exacerbate flooding?

A

either increasing the probability of a flood or

increasing the severity of a flood

43
Q

Human activities that

exacerbate flooding

A

• Removing vegetation, logging, overgrazing,
forest fires, mining, urbanization
• Destruction of wetlands
• Building in floodplains & replacing vegetation
with concrete

44
Q

How can destroying wetlands contribute to excess flooding?

A

wetlands absorb surface runoff & release it

slowly to the river

45
Q

How can replacing vegetation with concrete contribute to excess flooding?

A

loss of vegetation causes rapid runoff of

rainwater

APES (26 decks)

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