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APES > VIII - Aquatic Ecology > Flashcards

VIII - Aquatic Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Factors Affecting Life in Aquatic Ecosystems

A

Temperature
Solar radiation
Dissolved oxygen
Nutrient Availability

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2
Q

Temperature

A

decreases with depth because of decreasing energy

input from sun; affects dissolved gases, rates of chemical reactions, & where organisms can live

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3
Q

Solar radiation

A

decreases with depth because of absorption by water,
suspended materials, & phytoplankton; essential for
photosynthesis

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4
Q

Dissolved oxygen

A

varies with temperature, producers, & consumers;

essential for respiration of organisms

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5
Q

Nutrient Availability

A

most limiting macronutrients are phosphorus (P) &
nitrogen (N); limiting micronutrients include iron (Fe);
essential for growth of phytoplankton

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6
Q

Characteristics of Oceans

A 
• cover 71% of the earth’s surface
• ocean currents distribute solar heat
• reservoir for carbon dioxide (CO2)
• regulates temperature of the
troposphere
• habitat for plants & animals, including critical food sources
for humans
• communal dumping ground
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7
Q

Life zones of ocean

A

Euphotic zone
Bathyl zone
Abyssal zone

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8
Q

zones defined

by amount of

A

solar radiation
penetrating
the water

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9
Q

Coastal Zone of the Ocean

A 
High tide mark to edge of continental shelf
Within euphotic zone
Nutrient rich
Site of most commercial fisheries
High primary productivity
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10
Q

The coastal zone includes

A

estuaries
wetlands
barrier islands
coral reefs

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11
Q

Estuary

A 
where
seawater mixes
with freshwater
from land,
generally at the
mouth of a river
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12
Q

Coastal wetland

A 
where 
seawater mixes
with freshwater
from land,
generally at the
mouth of a river
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13
Q

Importance of estuaries & coastal wetlands

A 
• nutrient rich
• high primary
productivity
• nurseries for fish
& other aquatic
animals
• waterfowl &
shorebird
breeding areas
• filter water
pollutants
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14
Q

Human Impacts of estuaries & coastal wetlands

A 
• world has lost over half
of its estuaries &
coastal wetlands
• percentage lost in the
U.S. even higher most
lost to coastal
development
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15
Q

Causes of degradation of estuaries & coastal wetlands

A

urban runoff, sewage
treatment plant effluent, sediment & chemical
runoff from agricultural
lands

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16
Q

Barrier Islands

A

long, thin, low offshore islands of sand that run

parallel to the shore.

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17
Q

Barrier Islands Importance

A 
• protect mainland
from offshore
storms
• shelter inland bays,
estuaries, &
wetlands
• popular
recreational &
residential areas
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18
Q

Human Impacts of Barrier Islands

A

Development of barrier islands
Destroys dunes & vegetation
Causes beach erosion
destroys & disturbs wildlife habitat

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19
Q

Primary Dune

A

No direct passage or building

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20
Q

Back Dune

A

Most suitable for development

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21
Q

Beach

A

Intensive recreation

No building

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22
Q

Trough

A

Limited recreation & walkways

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23
Q

Secondary dune

A

No direct passage & building

24
Q

Bay/ Lagoon

A

Intensive recreation

25
Q

Sea walls

A

Protect the cities from beach retreat during natural disaster

26
Q

Beach replenishment

A 
Twice a year the
Army Corps of
Engineers
survey our
beach to
determine the
need for any
additional sand.
27
Q

Replanting Dune Vegetation

A

Controlling development

28
Q

Coral reefs

A

Mutualism between polyps & algae
Colonies of polyps secrete limestone hard deposits remain when polyps die
Located in coastal zones of tropical oceans

29
Q

Importance of coral reefs

A

High biodiversity
Protect coastlines from storms & high waves
Nurseries for many fish species
Disappearing

30
Q

Vulnerability of coral reefs

A

Slow growing
Easily disturbed
Thrive only in clear water

31
Q

Human impacts on coral reefs

A 
• sediment runoff &
effluent
• increased UV
radiation
• fishing with
cyanide &
dynamite
32
Q

Lakes

A

standing (lentic) body of freshwater formed when rain,

runoff, or groundwater fills depressions in the landscape

33
Q

Lake zones

A

Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Benthic zone

34
Q

Littoral zone

A

shallow area near the shore, to the depth at which rooted

plants stop growing

35
Q

Limnetic zone

A

open, sunlit, surface layer away from the shore. Depth is

the limit of light penetration.

36
Q

Profundal zone

A

deep, open water where there is no light penetration

37
Q

Benthic zone

A

the bottom of a lake; inhabited by insect larvae, decomposers, & clams

38
Q

Types of Lakes

A

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

39
Q

Oligotrophic

A 
– low nutrient
supply
– low primary
productivity
– clear water, few
plants & fish
40
Q

Eutrophic

A 
– excess supply
of nutrients
– high primary
productivity
– murky water,
large
phytoplankton
population
41
Q

Thermal stratification occurs during

A

Summer in temperate lakes

42
Q

Epilimnion

A

warm, upper layer

of water

43
Q

Thermocline

A

zone of lake where
temperature
changes rapidly
with depth

44
Q

Hypolimnion

A 
colder, denser
lower layer of
water can be
depleted of oxygen
in eutrophic lakes
45
Q

Going from surface to bottom, the temperature of a lake

A

Gradually decreases

46
Q

Going from surface to bottom, the dissolved oxygen concentration of a lake

A

Epilimnion -> high
Thermocline -> medium
Hypolimnion -> low

47
Q

Lake overturn occurs during

A

Spring & fall

48
Q

What happens during overturn?

A 
•upper layer of
water sinks &
winds mix
layers
•redistributes
oxygen &
temperature
evenly
•redistributes
nutrients from
the lower
layers
49
Q

Watershed

A

the land area that delivers water, sediment, & dissolved substances to a water body.

50
Q

Stream zones

A

Source zone
Transition zone
Flood plain zone

51
Q

Source zone

A

cold,
clear, fast–running
streams in upper
watershed

52
Q

Transition zone

A 
middle part of
watershed, where
streams widens &
join, flow slows,
water temperature
increases
53
Q

flood plain zone

A 
many streams join
to form a broad,
slow–moving,
meandering river
in lower watershed
54
Q

In source zone common features includes

A 
Rain & snow
Lake
Glacier
Rapids
Waterfall
55
Q

In transition zone common features includes

A

Tributary

Flood plain

56
Q

In flood plain zone common features includes

A 
Oxbow lake
Salt marsh
Delta
Deposited sediment
Ocean
57
Q

Human impacts on streams & rivers

A 
• pollution
• sediments
• channelization
• dams
• introduction of
exotic species,
• removal of
vegetation from
banks
• change of flow
(more floods,
lower base flow)

APES (26 decks)

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