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APES > II - Critical Thinking: Science, Models, & Systems > Flashcards

II - Critical Thinking: Science, Models, & Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Science

A

pursuit of KNOWLEDGE
about how the world
works

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2
Q

Technology

A 
creation of NEW 
products & processes
intended to IMPROVE
survival, comfort, or
quality of life
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3
Q

What are the three basic assumptions about science?

A

I - ORDER in universe
II - Human mind is CAPABLE of comprehend this order
III - SAME conditions = SAME results

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4
Q

Scientific Process

A 
Observations
Hypotheses
Procedure
Experiments
Analysis
Conclusion
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5
Q

Hypotheses

A

proposed to explain observed patterns
a testable statement
FALSIFIABLE

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6
Q

Experiments

A

Critical tests used to test a hypothesis

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7
Q

Scientific theory

A

a conceptual formulation which provides a RATIONAL explanation or framework for numerous related OBSERVATIONS

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8
Q

Scientific theory example

A

Global warming due to greenhouse effect

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9
Q

Scientific Law

A

a BASIC underlying principle that matter, energy, & certain other phenomena apparently ALWAYS act (or react) in a PREDICTABLE manner

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10
Q

Scientific Law example

A

Law of gravity

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11
Q

Accuracy

A

extent to which a measurement agrees

with the accepted or correct value

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12
Q

Precision

A

measure of reproducibility

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13
Q

Types of Reasoning

A

Deductive

Inductive

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14
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

using LOGIC to arrive at a specific CONCLUSION based on a generalization or PREMISE
GENERAL -> SPECIFIC

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15
Q

Deductive reasoning example Eagles

A

All bird have feathers.
Eagles are birds.
All eagles have feathers

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16
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

using OBSERVATIONS and facts to
arrive at GENERALIZATIONS or hypotheses
SPECIFIC -> GENERAL

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17
Q

Inductive reasoning example CO2

A 
CO2 is a heat-trapping
gas.
Human activities release CO2 in the atmosphere.
CO2 from human
activities is a cause of
global climate change.
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18
Q

Frontier science

A

PRELIMINARY scientific data, hypotheses, and models that have NOT been WIDELY tested
and accepted
UNRELIABLE

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19
Q

Consensus Science

A

scientific data, models, theories, and laws that are WIDELY accepted
RELIABLE

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20
Q

System

A

set of COMPONENTS that function & interact in some REGULAR or predictable manner

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21
Q

Structure

A

Organization of system components

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22
Q

Function

A

What the system does

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23
Q

Examples of systems

A

Circulatory

Automobile

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24
Q

Circulatory- NATURAL components/ function

A

COMPONENTS: heart,
arteries, veins, capillaries, & blood

FUNCTION: transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, & nutrients

25
Q

Automobile- MAN-MADE components/ function

A

COMPONENTS: engine, body, brakes, wheels, etc.
FUNCTION: transportation

26
Q

Why are models valuable?

A

APPROXIMATE representations

or simulations of REAL SYSTEMS to help find out which ideas or hypotheses WORK

27
Q

Mental Models

A

guide our PERCEPTIONS
and help us make
PREDICTIONS

28
Q

Physical Models

A

TOUCHABLE 3-D
models that closely
REPRESENT an object
or system

29
Q

Graphical Models

A

ILLUSTRATIONS which show a REPRESENTATION of an object or system

30
Q

Conceptual Models

A

verbal or graphical
EXPLANATION of how a system WORKS or is
organized

31
Q

Mathematical Models

A

One or more EQUATIONS that represent the way a
system or process works
Useful in cases with MANY variables
Only as good as the DATA that went into them

32
Q

What are the 5 types of models?

A 
Mental
Physical
Conceptual
Graphical
Mathematical
33
Q

System inputs

A

Matter, energy, & info that enters a system

34
Q

System flow/throughputs

A

Matter, energy, & info that flows through a system

35
Q

System outputs

A

Matter, energy, & info that exits a system

36
Q

System inputs into human body

A

Matter, energy, & info

37
Q

System throughputs in human body

A

Accumulations & flows of matter, energy, & info

38
Q

System outputs from human body

A

Useless info
Waste heat
Waste matter

39
Q

Feedback Loop

A

RELATIONSHIP in which a CHANGE in one part of a system INFLUENCES another part of the system in a way that either REINFORCES or SLOWS the original CHANGE

40
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

CHANGE in a certain direction within a system causes MORE change in that same direction
ULTIMATELY UNSTABLE

41
Q

Positive Feedback Loop example

A

Exponential population growth in which more individuals lead to increased numbers of births

42
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

CHANGE in a certain direction within a system causes LESSENING of change in that same direction
ULTIMATELY STABLE

43
Q

Negative Feedback Loop example

A

Homeostasis -> increased temp. leads to decrease in temp. through sweating

44
Q

Time lag

A

when a change in a system leads to other

changes after a delay,

45
Q

Time lag example

A

lung cancer after 20–30 years of
smoking, global warming after decades of carbon dioxide
emission.

46
Q

Resistance to change

A

seen in systems with negative
feedback that are designed to maintain the system; biological,
chemical, and physical components can shift to absorb and
cancel much of the change

47
Q

Good resistance

A

Acid precipitation
has less of an impact on
areas with natural buffers

48
Q

Bad resistance

A

many economic & political
systems resist environmental
initiatives like pollution penalties

49
Q

Synergy

A

results when two or more processes interact to that
the combined effect is more than the sum of their separate
effects

50
Q

Synergy example

A

team efforts using multiple talents

51
Q

Chaos

A

results when noisy or unpredictable behavior is generated from within the system itself,

52
Q

Chaos examples

A

Waves in ocean variation in weather

Population dynamics

53
Q

Butterfly effect

A

Chaotic systems can be extremely sensitive to even small

disturbances

54
Q

Some important behaviors includes

A 
Time lag
Resistance to change
Synergy
Chaos
Butterfly effect
55
Q

Independent variable

A

one factor of interest that

is being tested

56
Q

Dependent variable

A

what is changing because

of the independent variable

57
Q

Experimental Group

A

group that receives the

experimental treatment/is exposed to the IV

58
Q

Control Group

A

group that doesn’t receive the

experimental treatment/is not exposed to the IV

59
Q

Constants

A

all other factors that remain the
same between the experimental and control
groups

APES (26 decks)

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