II - Critical Thinking: Science, Models, & Systems Flashcards
Science
pursuit of KNOWLEDGE
about how the world
works
Technology
creation of NEW products & processes intended to IMPROVE survival, comfort, or quality of life
What are the three basic assumptions about science?
I - ORDER in universe
II - Human mind is CAPABLE of comprehend this order
III - SAME conditions = SAME results
Scientific Process
Observations Hypotheses Procedure Experiments Analysis Conclusion
Hypotheses
proposed to explain observed patterns
a testable statement
FALSIFIABLE
Experiments
Critical tests used to test a hypothesis
Scientific theory
a conceptual formulation which provides a RATIONAL explanation or framework for numerous related OBSERVATIONS
Scientific theory example
Global warming due to greenhouse effect
Scientific Law
a BASIC underlying principle that matter, energy, & certain other phenomena apparently ALWAYS act (or react) in a PREDICTABLE manner
Scientific Law example
Law of gravity
Accuracy
extent to which a measurement agrees
with the accepted or correct value
Precision
measure of reproducibility
Types of Reasoning
Deductive
Inductive
Deductive reasoning
using LOGIC to arrive at a specific CONCLUSION based on a generalization or PREMISE
GENERAL -> SPECIFIC
Deductive reasoning example Eagles
All bird have feathers.
Eagles are birds.
All eagles have feathers
Inductive reasoning
using OBSERVATIONS and facts to
arrive at GENERALIZATIONS or hypotheses
SPECIFIC -> GENERAL
Inductive reasoning example CO2
CO2 is a heat-trapping gas. Human activities release CO2 in the atmosphere. CO2 from human activities is a cause of global climate change.
Frontier science
PRELIMINARY scientific data, hypotheses, and models that have NOT been WIDELY tested
and accepted
UNRELIABLE
Consensus Science
scientific data, models, theories, and laws that are WIDELY accepted
RELIABLE
System
set of COMPONENTS that function & interact in some REGULAR or predictable manner
Structure
Organization of system components
Function
What the system does
Examples of systems
Circulatory
Automobile
Circulatory- NATURAL components/ function
COMPONENTS: heart,
arteries, veins, capillaries, & blood
FUNCTION: transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, & nutrients
Automobile- MAN-MADE components/ function
COMPONENTS: engine, body, brakes, wheels, etc.
FUNCTION: transportation
Why are models valuable?
APPROXIMATE representations
or simulations of REAL SYSTEMS to help find out which ideas or hypotheses WORK
Mental Models
guide our PERCEPTIONS
and help us make
PREDICTIONS
Physical Models
TOUCHABLE 3-D
models that closely
REPRESENT an object
or system
Graphical Models
ILLUSTRATIONS which show a REPRESENTATION of an object or system
Conceptual Models
verbal or graphical
EXPLANATION of how a system WORKS or is
organized
Mathematical Models
One or more EQUATIONS that represent the way a
system or process works
Useful in cases with MANY variables
Only as good as the DATA that went into them
What are the 5 types of models?
Mental Physical Conceptual Graphical Mathematical
System inputs
Matter, energy, & info that enters a system
System flow/throughputs
Matter, energy, & info that flows through a system
System outputs
Matter, energy, & info that exits a system
System inputs into human body
Matter, energy, & info
System throughputs in human body
Accumulations & flows of matter, energy, & info
System outputs from human body
Useless info
Waste heat
Waste matter
Feedback Loop
RELATIONSHIP in which a CHANGE in one part of a system INFLUENCES another part of the system in a way that either REINFORCES or SLOWS the original CHANGE
Positive Feedback Loop
CHANGE in a certain direction within a system causes MORE change in that same direction
ULTIMATELY UNSTABLE
Positive Feedback Loop example
Exponential population growth in which more individuals lead to increased numbers of births
Negative Feedback Loop
CHANGE in a certain direction within a system causes LESSENING of change in that same direction
ULTIMATELY STABLE
Negative Feedback Loop example
Homeostasis -> increased temp. leads to decrease in temp. through sweating
Time lag
when a change in a system leads to other
changes after a delay,
Time lag example
lung cancer after 20–30 years of
smoking, global warming after decades of carbon dioxide
emission.
Resistance to change
seen in systems with negative
feedback that are designed to maintain the system; biological,
chemical, and physical components can shift to absorb and
cancel much of the change
Good resistance
Acid precipitation
has less of an impact on
areas with natural buffers
Bad resistance
many economic & political
systems resist environmental
initiatives like pollution penalties
Synergy
results when two or more processes interact to that
the combined effect is more than the sum of their separate
effects
Synergy example
team efforts using multiple talents
Chaos
results when noisy or unpredictable behavior is generated from within the system itself,
Chaos examples
Waves in ocean variation in weather
Population dynamics
Butterfly effect
Chaotic systems can be extremely sensitive to even small
disturbances
Some important behaviors includes
Time lag Resistance to change Synergy Chaos Butterfly effect
Independent variable
one factor of interest that
is being tested
Dependent variable
what is changing because
of the independent variable
Experimental Group
group that receives the
experimental treatment/is exposed to the IV
Control Group
group that doesn’t receive the
experimental treatment/is not exposed to the IV
Constants
all other factors that remain the
same between the experimental and control
groups