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APES > VI - Evolution & Biodiversity: Origins, Niches, & Adaptation > Flashcards

VI - Evolution & Biodiversity: Origins, Niches, & Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity

A

(=biological diversity) variety of different species, genes, or ecosystems

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2
Q

types main types of life

A

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A

organisms (bacteria) whose cells do not have a distinct nucleus or other internal parts enclosed in membranes.

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus and various internal parts enclosed in membranes.

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5
Q

Six kingdoms

A 
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Plantae 
Fungi
Animalia
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6
Q

Prokaryotes means

A

“before nucleus”

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7
Q

Eukaryotes means

A

“true nucleus”

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8
Q

archaebacteria & eubacteria

A

single–celled, microscopic prokaryotic organisms, in particular bacteria & cyanobacteria.

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9
Q

protista/protist

A

mostly single–celled eukaryotic organisms

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10
Q

Protist examples

A

diatoms, dinoflagellates, amoebas, golden– brown & yellow–green algae, & protozoans.

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11
Q

fungi

A

mostly many–celled (some single–celled) eukaryotic organisms

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12
Q

fungi examples

A

mushrooms, molds, mildews, & yeasts.

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13
Q

plantae (plants)

A

mostly many–celled eukaryotic organisms

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14
Q

plantae (plants) examples

A

red, brown, & green algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants

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15
Q

animalia (animals)

A

many–celled eukaryotic organisms

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16
Q

animalia (animals) examples

A

sponges, jellyfish, sponges, mollusks, worms, arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals

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17
Q

Animalia can be split mostly into two main categories …

A

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

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18
Q

species

A

a distinct kind of organism; groups of organisms that resemble each other, &, in cases of sexually reproducing organisms, can potentially interbreed

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19
Q

Each species is assigned a

A

Scientific name

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20
Q

Scientific name

A

Derived from Latin
Consisting of two parts (genus + specific epithet)
Always written in italics or underlined.

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21
Q

Scientific name examples

A

Ursus horribilis is the grizzly bear

Taraxacum officinale is the dandelion

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22
Q

each species is classified in a

A

hierarchical taxonomic classification

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23
Q

hierarchical taxonomic

classification tiers

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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24
Q

Classification of humans

A 
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Sub-phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: spaiens
Species: sapiens sapiens
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25
Q

What two main evolution lead to life?

A

Chemical evolution

Biological evolution

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26
Q

Chemical evolution took place over the course of…

A

1 billion years

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27
Q

Biological evolution took place over the course of …

A

3.7 billion years

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28
Q

Chemical evolution

A

Formation of crust & atmosphere
Small organic molecules in seas
Large organic molecules in seas
First protocells in seas

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29
Q

Biological evolution

A

Single-cell prokaryotes in sea
Single-cell eukaryotes in seas
Variety of multicellular organisms first in sea, then on land

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30
Q

Why is Earth “just right” for life?

A 
distance from sun
size
rotation
orbit around sun
atmospheric evolution
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31
Q

distance from sun

A

leads to a temperature range favorable to life (between freezing & boiling point of water) energy flow from sun sufficient to drive weather & supply energy for life

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32
Q

size

A

enough gravitational mass to hold its atmosphere of light molecules (N2, O2, CO2, and H2O) and to keep its core molten

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33
Q

rotation

A

leads to daily patterns (night & day)

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34
Q

orbit around sun

A

leads to seasonal patterns

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35
Q

atmospheric evolution

A

accumulation of O2 in lower atmosphere formation of ozone shield to screen harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation

36
Q

evolution

A

change in a population’s genetic makeup through successive generations.

37
Q

Microevolution

A

change in gene frequency within a population short–term evolutionary changes

38
Q

Macroevolution

A

the formation of new species from ancestral species

long–term evolutionary changes

39
Q

four processes drive microevolution

A

gene flow
genetic drift
mutation
natural selection

40
Q

gene flow

A

the movement of genes between populations

41
Q

genetic drift

A

change in genetic composition that results by chance, especially in small populations

42
Q

mutation

A

random changes in the structure of DNA molecules that serve as the ultimate source of genetic
variation

43
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which some individuals of a population have genetically based characteristics that cause them to survive & produce more offspring than other individuals

44
Q

three conditions required for natural selection

A

variability
heritability
differential reproduction

45
Q

variability

A

there must be natural variability for a trait within a population

46
Q

heritability

A

the trait must be inheritable, meaning that it has a genetic basis such that it can be passed from
generation to generation

47
Q

differential reproduction

A

the trait must enable individuals with the trait to leave more offspring than other members of the population

48
Q

adaptation

A

a heritable trait that enables organisms to better survive & reproduce within a given set of environmental
conditions

49
Q

peppered moth variability

A

two color forms, one dark & one light light form originally more common because it blended in with lichens on trees & was not easily eaten by birds

50
Q

peppered moth heritability

A

color form was genetically based

51
Q

peppered moth differential reproduction

A

during the industrial revolution of the mid–1800s in England soot coated trees dark form became more common because light individuals became easier for birds to find & dark form blended in.

52
Q

The peppered moth is a class example of

A

microevolution

53
Q

Directional selection

A

favors individuals with traits that are at one end of a distribution

54
Q

Directional selection example

A

Peppered moth

55
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

eliminates individuals at both in of the spectrum of variation the average remains the same

56
Q

Diversifying selection

A

eliminates average individuals, but favors individuals at either extreme of the spectrum of variation

57
Q

coevolution

A

involves interactions between two species that result in ongoing evolutionary changes in each of the species.

58
Q

coevolution in flowering plants & their pollinators

A

flowers attract pollinators & provide “reward” for food in the form of nectar or pollen
pollinators perform “service” of moving
pollen between flowers

59
Q

coevolution in plants with defenses

A

plants with defenses against herbivores (thorns, camouflage, toxins) & the herbivores’ ability to deal with plants’ defenses

60
Q

niche

A

the functional role of a species in an ecosystem

61
Q

niche can include

A

• conditions (physical & chemical)
• resources (such as nutrients or food)
• interactions with living (biotic) & nonliving (abiotic)
components of ecosystem
• role in flow of energy cycling of matter

62
Q

Niche and habitat are …

A

Not the same

63
Q

Habitat

A

actual location where an organism lives

64
Q

Niche can be compared to the…

A

Occupation of an organism

65
Q

Habitat can be compared to the …

A

Address of an organism

66
Q

adaptation

A

any genetically controlled trait that helps an organism survive & reproduce in a given set of environmental conditions

67
Q

Relationship between ecological niche & adaptation

A

species with similar niches tend to evolve similar sets of traits

68
Q

Convergence

A

resemblance of different species with similar niches

69
Q

Examples of convergence

A
  • desert shrubs of different parts of world have deep roots, small leaves, & high tolerance to hot, dry conditions.
  • herbivores of different parts of world have traits to forage & digest plant material, escape predators, & migrate or become dormant when food is scarce.
70
Q

Macroevolution involves three processes:

A
  • evolutionary change of lineage through time
  • speciation: formation of new species
  • extinction: loss of species
71
Q

new species typically evolve by two steps:

A

Geographic isolation

Reproductive isolation

72
Q

geographic isolation

A

separation into distinct populations with different evolutionary pressures

73
Q

reproductive isolation

A

evolutionary changes in each population that prevent interbreeding when populations come into contact.

74
Q

Geographic
isolation can
lead to

A

reproductive
isolation
divergence
speciation

75
Q

Speciation in early fox

A

Split into northern and southern population, each adapting to own env’tal pressures
Northern -> Arctic
Southern -> Gray

76
Q

Fossil record shows evidence of extinction as a …

A

natural process

77
Q

Background extinction

A

loss of species at a relatively low rate, often due to changes in local conditions

78
Q

Mass extinction

A

abrupt increases in extinction rates above the background level.

79
Q

How many great mass extinction have occurred during the past 500 million years?

A

5

80
Q

mass extinctions believed to result from

A

global climate changes

81
Q

recent extinctions caused by humans at

A

exceptionally high rates

82
Q

Continental drift

A

Slow movement of continents

Major role in speciation & extinction

83
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

splitting of a lineage to form many species with different ecological niches

84
Q

Adaptive radiation of mammals began about

A

65 million years ago

85
Q

What is the appropriate time frame for thinking about

environmental problems?

A

• humans have existed on a tiny fraction of geological or
evolutionary time scales;
• earth’s biodiversity has taken millions of years to
evolve & is not replaceable in human time scale;
• extinction is natural process, but human–induced
extinction is occurring at unprecedented rates.

86
Q

Can we heal the earth?

A

• requires lots of time & money;
• better to prevent environmental degradation & loss of
biodiversity.

APES (26 decks)

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