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APES > IX - Community Processes: Species Interactions & Succession > Flashcards

IX - Community Processes: Species Interactions & Succession Flashcards

1
Q

Niche

A

role that an organism plays in an ecosystem.

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2
Q

Niche can also be defined by

A

range of conditions & resources within

which an organism can live

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3
Q

Conditions

A

many physical attributes of the
environment, though not consumed, that influence
biological processes & population growth

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4
Q

Conditions examples

A

temperature, salinity, acidity

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5
Q

Resources

A

substances or parts of the environment used
by an organism & consumed or otherwise made
unavailable to other organisms

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6
Q

Resources examples

A

food, water, &
nesting sites for animals; water, nutrients, & solar
radiation for plants

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7
Q

Niche is not the same as

A

Habitat

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8
Q

Habitat

A

Actual place an organism lives

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9
Q

fundamental niche

A 
the full range of
conditions & resources
that an organism could
theoretically use in the
absence of competition
with other species.
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10
Q

realized niche

A 
the
portion of the
fundamental niche that
an organism actually
occupies; actual range
of conditions &
resources that an
organism uses.
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11
Q

Nich overlap between species leads to

A

Competition

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12
Q

Competition causes organisms to not be able to

A

occupy the full fundamental niche

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13
Q

Generalists

A

Broad niches

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14
Q

Specialists

A

Narrow niches

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15
Q

Examples of generalists

A

cockroaches,

coyotes, dandelions, humans

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16
Q

Examples of specialists

A 
spotted owls,
which require old–growth forests in the
Pacific Northwest; giant pandas, which
eat primarily bamboo in bamboo
forests of China
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17
Q

Generalists may have advantage when

A

environmental conditions change

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18
Q

Specialists may have advantage when

A

environmental conditions remain constants

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19
Q

Native species

A

species that normally live

& thrive in a particular ecosystem

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20
Q

Nonnative/exotic species

A

originate in other
ecosystems; may enter an ecosystem
by migration or by deliberate or
accidental introduction by humans

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21
Q

Example of nonative species

A 
"killer bees", wild bees from
Africa were imported to Brazil to
increase honey production, but instead
displaced native bees, decreased
honey production, spread, & posed
threat because of aggressive behavior
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22
Q

Indicator species

A

species that
serve as early warnings that a
community or ecosystem is being
damaged

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23
Q

Examples of indicator species

A 
Decline of migratory
songbirds in North America
indicates loss & fragmentation of
habitat in mesoAmerica & South
America
Presence of trout in
mountain streams is an indicator of good water quality
Presence of spotted
owls is indicator of healthy old–
growth forest.
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24
Q

Keystone species

A

species that play a

critical role in an ecosystem

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25
Q

Keystone species examples

A

Sea otter -> prevent sea urchins from depleting kelp beds
dung beetles -? remove, bury, & recycle animal waste
Beavers -> build dams & create habitat for other species

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26
Q

Major types of biotic interactions includes

A

Interspecific competition
Predation
Symbiosis

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27
Q

interspecific competition

A

when
two or more species use the same
limited resource (food, space, etc.)
and adversely affect each other

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28
Q

interspecific competition example

A

fire ants and native species
of ants in North America; fire ants
are better competitors & sharply reduce populations of up to
90% of native species.

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29
Q

predation

A

members of one
species (predator) feed on another
species (prey)

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30
Q

predation example

A

lion feeding on gazelle

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31
Q

Symbiosis

A

a long–lasting
relationship in which species live
together in intimate association

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32
Q

Types of symbiosis

A

parasitism
mutualism
commensalism

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33
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism

(parasite) lives on part of another organism

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34
Q

Parasitism example

A

flea living on a dog

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35
Q

Mutualism

A

two species interacting in a

way that benefits both

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36
Q

Mutualism example

A

flowering plants and

insects

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37
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism benefits from

another, but neither helps nor harm that other organism

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38
Q

Commensalism example

A 
epiphyte
growing on a tree (epiphyte
benefits & tree not
effected, unless there are
many epiphytes
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39
Q

Lichens and mycorrhizae has a

A

symbiotic relationship

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40
Q

Types of interspecific competition includes

A

interference competition

exploitation competition

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41
Q

interference competition

A

one species limits another

species’ access to a resource

42
Q

Interference competition example

A

hummingbirds defending

feeding territories

43
Q

exploitation competition

A

competing species both have
access to a limited resource,
but one exploits the resource
more quickly or efficiently

44
Q

Principle of competitive exclusion

A

In a classic experiment
(1934), Gause showed
that two species with
identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely.

45
Q

Examples of competitive exclusion

A

Paramecium aurelia outcompetes Paramecium caudatum

46
Q

Resource partitioning

A 
Species with similar resource
requirements can coexist
because they use limited
resources at different times,
in different ways, or in
different places.
47
Q

Resource partitioning example

A

Five species of insect–eating
warblers are able to coexist
in spruce forest of Maine.

48
Q

Character displacement

A 
Over many years
coexisting species
with similar niches
tend to evolve
physical &
behavioral
adaptations to
minimize
competition.
49
Q

Character displacement example

A 
on islands
where they co–
occur, species of
Darwin's finch have
evolved different bill
sizes & eat different
size prey.
50
Q

Succession

A

gradual & fairly predictable change in

species composition with time

51
Q

What are the possibilities of succession?

A

Some species colonize & become more abundant;

Other species decline or even disappear

52
Q

Two kinds of succession

A

Primary succession

Secondary succession

53
Q

Primary succession

A

gradual establishment of biotic communities in an area where no life existed before

54
Q

Secondary succession

A

gradual

reestablishment of biotic communities in an area where a biotic community was previously present

55
Q

Primary succession example

A 
Primary
succession
over several
hundred
years on
bare rock
exposed by
a retreating
glacier on
Isle Royal in
northern
Lake
Superior.
56
Q

Primary succession occurs with

A

Time in lifeless areas

57
Q

Primary succession examples include

A

succession newly formed islands &

succession after the retreat of a glacier

58
Q

Primary succession progression

A

Lichens & mosses first colonize bare rock
Small herbs & shrubs colonize
Tree species colonize

59
Q

Pioneer species

A

first species to colonize

60
Q

Primary succession in a newly created pond

A 
Bare bottom
Submerged vegetation
Emerging vegetation
Temporary pond & prairie
Wetland red maple forest & swamp
61
Q

Successional changes in animal community accompany

A

Successional changes in plant community

62
Q

Early successional species

A 
Raddit
Quail 
Ringneck pheasant
Dove
Bobolink
Pocket gopher
63
Q

Mid Successional specie

A 
Elk
moose
deer
Ruffled grouse
snowshoe hare
Bluebird
64
Q

Late successional species

A

Turkey
Martin
Hammond’s flycatcher
Gray squirrel

65
Q

Wilderness species

A 
Grizzly bear
Wolf
Caribou
Bighorn sheep
California condor
Great horned owl
66
Q

Both primary & secondary succession

A

Are driven by three mechanisms

67
Q

Three mechanisms

A

facilitation
inhibition
tolerance

68
Q

facilitation

A

a process by which an earlier successional species makes
the environment suitable for later
successional species

69
Q

facilitation example

A

legumes
fixing nitrogen can enable later
successional species

70
Q

inhibition

A

a process whereby one
species hinders the establishment &
growth of other species

71
Q

Inhibition example

A

shade
of late successional trees inhibits
the growth of early successional
trees;

72
Q

tolerance

A

a process whereby later
successional species are unaffected
by earlier successional species.

73
Q

During succession

A

species diversity & stratification tend to increase, while growth rates & primary productivity tend to decrease.

74
Q

Plant size during early & late succession

A

Early - small

Late - large

75
Q

Species diversity during early & late succession

A

Early - Low

Late - High

76
Q

Trophic structure during early & late succession

A

Early - mostly producers

Late - mixture of producers, consumers, & decomposers

77
Q

Ecological niches during early & late succession

A

Early -few, more generalized

Late -many, more specialized

78
Q

community organization during early & late succession

A

Early - low

Late - high

79
Q

Biomass during early & late succession

A

Early - Low

Late - high

80
Q

Net primary productivity during early & late succession

A

Early - High

Late - Low

81
Q

Food web during early & late succession

A

Early - Simple

Late - Complex

82
Q

Efficiency for nutrient cycling during early & late succession

A

Early - Low

Late - high

83
Q

Efficiency of energy use during early & late succession

A

Early - low

Late - high

84
Q

Disturbance

A

discrete event
that disrupts an ecosystem or
community

85
Q

examples of natural

disturbance

A

fires, hurricanes,

tornadoes, droughts, & floods

86
Q

examples of human–caused disturbance

A

deforestation,

overgrazing, plowing

87
Q

What is the role of disturbance in succession?

A

disturbance initiates
secondary succession by eliminating part or all of the existing community, & by
changing conditions &
releasing resources

88
Q

Secondary succession occurs where the

A

natural
community of organisms has been disturbed, removed,
or destroyed

89
Q

Secondary succession example

A

“old field succession” in eastern North
America, where agricultural fields go through
succession from herbaceous plants, to shrubs & early
successional trees, to mid–successional forest, to
oak–hickory forest;

90
Q

according to the classic view, succession proceeds
until an area is occupied by a climax community,
however recent views recognize that succession is
influenced by

A

variability & chaotic events such that a

single climax is not predictable.

91
Q 
In the species
equilibrium model of
island biogeography
(developed by
Robert MacArthur &
Edward O. Wilson)
the number of
species on an island
is determined by t
A

he
balance between
immigration &
extinction.

92
Q

Small islands are

expected to have

A 
lower immigration
rates & higher
extinction rates, &
hence less
species than
large islands.
93
Q

Far islands are
expected to
have

A 
lower
immigration
rates, & hence
less species
than near
islands
94
Q

large habitat patches tend to have

A

more species

95
Q

habitat patches that are near larger intact habitat

areas tend to have

A

more species

96
Q

Stability has three aspects

A

Inertia
Constancy
Resilience

97
Q

inertia (or persistence)

A

the ability of a system to resist

being disturbed or altered;

98
Q

constancy

A

the ability of a living system to maintain a

certain size or state

99
Q

resilience

A

the ability of a living system to recover after a disturbance

100
Q

Signs of poor health or stressed ecosystems

A
  • decrease in primary productivity;
  • increased nutrient losses;
  • decline or extinction of indicator species;
  • increased populations of pests or disease organisms;
  • decline in species diversity;
  • presence of contaminants.

APES (26 decks)

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