III - Matter & Energy Resources: Types & Concepts Flashcards
matter
anything that has mass & takes up space.
What forms can matter be in?
Elements
Isotopes
Ions
Compounds
Elements
the distinct building blocks that form matter; made
up of a single type of atom
Atom
the smallest unit of matter unique to
an element
How many known elements are there?
112 with 92 being natural and 20 being synthesized
Components of an atom
PROTONS – positively charged particles in nucleus NEUTRONS – uncharged particles in nucleus ELECTRONS – negatively charged particles orbiting nucleus other subatomic particles
Characteristics of an atom
Atomic number
Mass number
Atomic number
number of PROTONS in a nucleus; defines an element.
Mass number
total number of neutrons (mass =1) &
protons (mass =1); mass of electrons near 0
Periodic Table of Elements
Elements organized by atomic number; groups of elements in same column have SIMILAR properties.
Some important elements
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Calcium Iron Sodium Potassium Sulfur Bromine Chlorine Fluorine Aluminum Mercury Lead Silicon
Earth’s crust composition
Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium
Isotopes
various forms of element that have SAME number of PROTONS, but DIFFERENT numbers of NEURONS.
Examples of isotopes
C 12 C 14 H 1 H 2 H 3 U 235 U 238
Ions
CHARGED molecules formed when atoms of some elements GAIN or LOSE one or more ELECTRONS
Positive ions are known as …
Cations
Positive ions examples
Na+
Ca+
Fe+
Al3+
Negative ions are known as …
Anions
Negative ions examples
Cl-
PO4 3-
SO3-
Compounds
TWO or more different ELEMENTS held together in
FIXED PROPORTIONS by chemical BONDS.
Ionic bonds
STRONG bonds formed by joining OPPOSITELY
charged IONS
ionic bonds example
table salt NaCl
Na+ & Cl-
Ionic solid structure
three–dimensional ARRAY of oppositely
charged ions held
together by ionic
bonds
Covalent bonds
STRONG bonds formed by joining one or more UNCHARGED atoms into MOLECULES by SHARING of
electrons
Covalent bonds example
Water molecule H2O
Inorganic molecule
compounds NOT originating from
living sources
compounds LACKING C–C & C–H bonds.
Inorganic molecule examples
water H2O carbon dioxide (CO2) nitrogen gas (N2) oxygen gas (O2) ozone (O3)
Organic molecule
compounds CONTAINING C–C &/or C–H bonds (natural & synthetic).
Organic molecule examples
methane (CH4) sugars starch cellulose proteins nucleic acids
Hydrogen bonds
WEAK bonds between molecules containing
hydrogen & nonmetallic atoms, in particular between water molecules.
H-bonds in water accounts for what properties of water
High surface tension
High heat content
Excellent solvent of ionic compounds
States of matter includes
Solid
Liquid
Gas
S to L
melting
L to G
evaporation
G to L
condensation
L to S
freezing
Energy is required when going from …
Solid to Gas
Takes to break
Energy is released when going from …
Gas to Solid
Free to form
Matter quality
measure of how useful a matter resource is
for humans, based on its availability & concentration
Energy
CAPACITY to do WORK (by performing mechanical,
physical, chemical, or electrical tasks), or to cause HEAT transfer
between two objects at different temperatures.
Types of energy includes
Kinetic
Potential
kinetic energy
Energy of motion
potential energy
stored energy
Types of kinetic energy
Electrical
Heat
Light
Electrical
energy of
moving electrons
Heat
total kinetic energy of
all moving atoms, ions, or molecules
Electromagnetic Radiation
form of kinetic energy that travels as electromagnetic waves
Types of potential energy
Chemical
Atomic
Chemical energy
potential energy stored in chemical
bonds
Atomic energy
energy
associated with nuclear
structure
Energy quality
measure of how useful
an energy source is for
humans, in terms of its
CONCENTRATION & ability to perform useful WORK.
Levels of energy quality
Very high
High
Moderate
Low
Very high source of energy
Electricity Heat above 2500 C Nuclear fission/ fusion Concentrated sunlight High-velocity wind
High source of energy
Heat between 1000 and 2500 C Hydrogen gas Natural gas Gasoline Coal Food
Moderate source of energy
Normal sunlight Moderate-velocity wind High-velocity water flow Concentrated geothermal energy Moderate heat between 100 and 1000 C Wood & Crop Wastes
Low source of energy
Dispersed geothermal energy
Heat below 100 C
Physical change
involves no change in
chemical composition
Chemical change
changes in the composition of compounds
Physical change example
Phase changes
Chemical change example
Burning of wood or fossil fuel
Law of Conservation of Matter
In chemical reaction
atoms are never created, destroyed, or changed one into
another; they are ONLY REARRANGED to form different molecules & compounds
Nuclear fission
a nuclear change in which certain
UNSTABLE isotopes of high mass numbers split into LIGHTER
nuclei & RELEASE ENERGY in the process.
Nuclear Chain reaction
MULTIPLE FISSIONS resulting from a POSITIVE feedback loop in which each fission releases neutrons that cause MORE fissions to occur.
Nuclear fusion
nuclear change in which two isotopes
of light elements are forced TOGETHER to form a HEAVIER
nucleus, RELEASING ENERGY in the process.
Do nuclear reactions break the law of conservation of matter?
atoms can be CHANGED
energy & matter are CONSERVED because very SMALL amounts of matter converted to energy
First law of thermodynamics
energy is neither created nor
destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another
Second law of thermodynamics
when energy is converted from one form to another, SOME of the useful energy is always DEGRADED to LOWER–quality, more DISPERSED energy.
Entropy
measure of DISORDER increased entropy means increased randomness or dispersion
Eventually unsustainable high-waste, high-throughput societies
High quality energy/ matter -> one way high throughput society -> low quality heat, waste
sustainable low–waste,
low–throughput societies
Energy recycled Reduced matter throughput Low-waste production Pollution control Complex
Degraded energy generally is in the form of …
HEAT
In order to maintain a system,
continual energy input is needed
Nuclear fusion examples
Sun
H + H -> He
Very high energy tasks
Industrial processes
Producing electricity to run electronics
High energy tasks
Mechanical motion
Industrial processes/ Electricity production
Moderate energy tasks
Industrial processes, cooking, producing steam, electricity, & hot water
Low energy tasks
Space heating
Atomic energy example
energy released
by fission of Uranium–235.
Chemical energy example
energy in C–C & C–H
bonds of fossil fuels or foods.
Electromagnetic radiation examples
radio waves, microwaves,
visible light, ultraviolet radiation, & X–rays
Kinetic energy examples
Moving car
Rock rolling down hill
Potential energy examples
Stretched rubber band
Rock on top of hill
Water stored behind dam
High quality matter includes
Solid Coal Gasoline Salt Aluminum can
Low quality matter includes
Automobile emissions Gas Solution of salt in water Aluminum ore Coal-fired power plant emissions
