III - Matter & Energy Resources: Types & Concepts Flashcards
1
Q
matter
A
anything that has mass & takes up space.
2
Q
What forms can matter be in?
A
Elements
Isotopes
Ions
Compounds
3
Q
Elements
A
the distinct building blocks that form matter; made
up of a single type of atom
4
Q
Atom
A
the smallest unit of matter unique to
an element
5
Q
How many known elements are there?
A
112 with 92 being natural and 20 being synthesized
6
Q
Components of an atom
A
PROTONS – positively charged particles in nucleus NEUTRONS – uncharged particles in nucleus ELECTRONS – negatively charged particles orbiting nucleus other subatomic particles
7
Q
Characteristics of an atom
A
Atomic number
Mass number
8
Q
Atomic number
A
number of PROTONS in a nucleus; defines an element.
9
Q
Mass number
A
total number of neutrons (mass =1) &
protons (mass =1); mass of electrons near 0
10
Q
Periodic Table of Elements
A
Elements organized by atomic number; groups of elements in same column have SIMILAR properties.
11
Q
Some important elements
A
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Calcium Iron Sodium Potassium Sulfur Bromine Chlorine Fluorine Aluminum Mercury Lead Silicon
12
Q
Earth’s crust composition
A
Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium
13
Q
Isotopes
A
various forms of element that have SAME number of PROTONS, but DIFFERENT numbers of NEURONS.
14
Q
Examples of isotopes
A
C 12 C 14 H 1 H 2 H 3 U 235 U 238
15
Q
Ions
A
CHARGED molecules formed when atoms of some elements GAIN or LOSE one or more ELECTRONS
16
Q
Positive ions are known as …
A
Cations
17
Q
Positive ions examples
A
Na+
Ca+
Fe+
Al3+
18
Q
Negative ions are known as …
A
Anions
19
Q
Negative ions examples
A
Cl-
PO4 3-
SO3-
20
Q
Compounds
A
TWO or more different ELEMENTS held together in
FIXED PROPORTIONS by chemical BONDS.
21
Q
Ionic bonds
A
STRONG bonds formed by joining OPPOSITELY
charged IONS
22
Q
ionic bonds example
A
table salt NaCl
Na+ & Cl-
23
Q
Ionic solid structure
A
three–dimensional ARRAY of oppositely
charged ions held
together by ionic
bonds
24
Q
Covalent bonds
A
STRONG bonds formed by joining one or more UNCHARGED atoms into MOLECULES by SHARING of
electrons
25
Covalent bonds example
Water molecule H2O
26
Inorganic molecule
compounds NOT originating from
living sources
compounds LACKING C–C & C–H bonds.
27
Inorganic molecule examples
```
water H2O
carbon dioxide (CO2)
nitrogen gas (N2)
oxygen gas (O2)
ozone (O3)
```
28
Organic molecule
compounds CONTAINING C–C &/or C–H bonds (natural & synthetic).
29
Organic molecule examples
```
methane (CH4)
sugars
starch
cellulose
proteins
nucleic acids
```
30
Hydrogen bonds
WEAK bonds between molecules containing
| hydrogen & nonmetallic atoms, in particular between water molecules.
31
H-bonds in water accounts for what properties of water
High surface tension
High heat content
Excellent solvent of ionic compounds
32
States of matter includes
Solid
Liquid
Gas
33
S to L
melting
34
L to G
evaporation
35
G to L
condensation
36
L to S
freezing
37
Energy is required when going from ...
Solid to Gas
| Takes to break
38
Energy is released when going from ...
Gas to Solid
| Free to form
39
Matter quality
measure of how useful a matter resource is
| for humans, based on its availability & concentration
40
Energy
CAPACITY to do WORK (by performing mechanical,
physical, chemical, or electrical tasks), or to cause HEAT transfer
between two objects at different temperatures.
41
Types of energy includes
Kinetic
| Potential
42
kinetic energy
Energy of motion
43
potential energy
stored energy
44
Types of kinetic energy
Electrical
Heat
Light
45
Electrical
energy of
| moving electrons
46
Heat
total kinetic energy of
| all moving atoms, ions, or molecules
47
Electromagnetic Radiation
form of kinetic energy that travels as electromagnetic waves
48
Types of potential energy
Chemical
| Atomic
49
Chemical energy
potential energy stored in chemical
| bonds
50
Atomic energy
energy
associated with nuclear
structure
51
Energy quality
measure of how useful
an energy source is for
humans, in terms of its
CONCENTRATION & ability to perform useful WORK.
52
Levels of energy quality
Very high
High
Moderate
Low
53
Very high source of energy
```
Electricity
Heat above 2500 C
Nuclear fission/ fusion
Concentrated sunlight
High-velocity wind
```
54
High source of energy
```
Heat between 1000 and 2500 C
Hydrogen gas
Natural gas
Gasoline
Coal
Food
```
55
Moderate source of energy
```
Normal sunlight
Moderate-velocity wind
High-velocity water flow
Concentrated geothermal energy
Moderate heat between 100 and 1000 C
Wood & Crop Wastes
```
56
Low source of energy
Dispersed geothermal energy
| Heat below 100 C
57
Physical change
involves no change in
| chemical composition
58
Chemical change
changes in the composition of compounds
59
Physical change example
Phase changes
60
Chemical change example
Burning of wood or fossil fuel
61
Law of Conservation of Matter
In chemical reaction
atoms are never created, destroyed, or changed one into
another; they are ONLY REARRANGED to form different molecules & compounds
62
Nuclear fission
a nuclear change in which certain
UNSTABLE isotopes of high mass numbers split into LIGHTER
nuclei & RELEASE ENERGY in the process.
63
Nuclear Chain reaction
```
MULTIPLE FISSIONS resulting from a POSITIVE feedback
loop in which each
fission releases
neutrons that cause
MORE fissions to
occur.
```
64
Nuclear fusion
nuclear change in which two isotopes
of light elements are forced TOGETHER to form a HEAVIER
nucleus, RELEASING ENERGY in the process.
65
Do nuclear reactions break the law of conservation of matter?
atoms can be CHANGED
| energy & matter are CONSERVED because very SMALL amounts of matter converted to energy
66
First law of thermodynamics
energy is neither created nor
| destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another
67
Second law of thermodynamics
when energy is converted from one form to another, SOME of the useful energy is always DEGRADED to LOWER–quality, more DISPERSED energy.
68
Entropy
```
measure of
DISORDER
increased
entropy means
increased randomness
or dispersion
```
69
Eventually unsustainable high-waste, high-throughput societies
High quality energy/ matter -> one way high throughput society -> low quality heat, waste
70
sustainable low–waste,
| low–throughput societies
```
Energy recycled
Reduced matter throughput
Low-waste production
Pollution control
Complex
```
71
Degraded energy generally is in the form of ...
HEAT
72
In order to maintain a system,
continual energy input is needed
73
Nuclear fusion examples
Sun
| H + H -> He
74
Very high energy tasks
Industrial processes
| Producing electricity to run electronics
75
High energy tasks
Mechanical motion
| Industrial processes/ Electricity production
76
Moderate energy tasks
Industrial processes, cooking, producing steam, electricity, & hot water
77
Low energy tasks
Space heating
78
Atomic energy example
energy released
| by fission of Uranium–235.
79
Chemical energy example
energy in C–C & C–H
| bonds of fossil fuels or foods.
80
Electromagnetic radiation examples
radio waves, microwaves,
| visible light, ultraviolet radiation, & X–rays
81
Kinetic energy examples
Moving car
| Rock rolling down hill
82
Potential energy examples
Stretched rubber band
Rock on top of hill
Water stored behind dam
83
High quality matter includes
```
Solid
Coal
Gasoline
Salt
Aluminum can
```
84
Low quality matter includes
```
Automobile emissions
Gas
Solution of salt in water
Aluminum ore
Coal-fired power plant emissions
```
