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APES > X - Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, & Conservation Biology > Flashcards

X - Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, & Conservation Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Population dynamics

A

Changes in population size, density, dispersion, & age

distribution

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2
Q

Characteristics of Populations includes

A

Population size
Population density
Dispersion
Age structure

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3
Q

Population size

A

number of individuals in a population at a given time

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4
Q

Population desnity

A

number of individuals per unit area in terrestrial ecosystems or per unit volume in aquatic ecosystems;

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5
Q

Dispersion

A

spatial patterning individuals

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6
Q

Age structure

A

proportion of individuals in each age group (e.g., prereproductive, reproductive, & post-reproductive) of a population

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7
Q

In terms of dispersion, individuals of a population can be

A

Clumped
Uniform
Randomly distributed

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8
Q

Population size is governed by

A

births, deaths, immigration, and emigration

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9
Q

[Population Change] =

A

[Births + Immigration] – [Deaths + Emigration]

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10
Q

Zero population growth occurs when

A

the number of individuals added by births & immigration are balanced by those lost by deaths &
emigration

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11
Q

Biotic potential

A

a population’s capacity to grow

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12
Q

intrinsic rate of growth (r)

A

the rate at which a population will grow if it had unlimited resources

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13
Q

Biotic growth factors

A 
High reproductive rate
Generalized niche
Adequate food supply
Suitable habitat
Ability to compete for resources
Ability to hide from/defend against predators
Ability to resist diseases & parasites
Ability to migrate & live in other habitats
Ability to adapt to env'tal change
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14
Q

Abiotic growth factors

A

favorable light
favorable temperature
favorable chemical env’t

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15
Q

Biotic decrease factors

A 
low reproductive rate
specialized niche
inadequate food supply
unsuitable habitat
inability to compete for resources
inability to hide from/defend against predators
inability to resist diseases & parasites
inability to migrate & live in other habitats
inability to adapt to env'tal change
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16
Q

Abiotic decrease factors

A

Too much/ little light
Temp too high/low
Unfavorable chemical env’t

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17
Q

carrying capacity (K)

A

the number of individuals that can be sustained in a given space

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18
Q

if the carrying capacity for an organism is

exceeded,

A

resources are depleted, environmental degradation results, & the population declines

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19
Q

Exponential growth occurs when

A

resources are not limiting.

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20
Q

Logistic growth occurs

when

A

resources become more and more limiting as population size increases.

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21
Q

During exponential growth,

A

population size increases faster & faster with time

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22
Q

Currently the human population is…

A

undergoing exponential growth

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23
Q

exponential growth can not occur forever because

A

eventually some factor limits population growth

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24
Q

when the population is small the logistic population growth

curve looks like

A

exponential growth

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25
Q

What occurs when the carrying capacity is exceeded?

A

“overshoot” was followed by a “population crash”.

Numbers then stabilized, with oscillation about the carrying capacity.

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26
Q

Stable populations

A

Relatively constant over time

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27
Q

Cyclic curves

A

often associated with seasons or fluctuating resource availability

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28
Q

Irruptive curves

A

characteristic of species that only have high numbers for

only brief periods of times (e.g., seven–year cicada)

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29
Q

Two categories of strategies

A

r-strategist

K-strategist

30
Q

r–strategist species

A

tend to live in recently disturbed (early successional) environments where resources are not limiting
such species tend to have high intrinsic rates of growth (high r)

31
Q

K–strategist species

A

tend to live in environments where resources are limiting (later succession) & tend to have lower intrinsic rates of growth and characteristics that enable them to live
near their carry capacity (population size near K)

32
Q

Characteristics of

r–strategists

A

production of many small & unprotected young, enable
these species to live in places where resources are
temporarily abundant
typically “weedy” or opportunistic.

33
Q

r-strategist example

A

Cockroach

Dandelion

34
Q

Characteristics of

K–strategists,

A

production of few large & well cared for young, enable
these species to live in places where resources are
limited
typically good competitors.

35
Q

K-strategists example

A

elephants

saguaro

36
Q

Types of survivorship curves

A

Late loss
Constant loss
Early loss

37
Q

late loss

A

usually K–strategists high mortality is late in life

38
Q

late loss examples

A

rhinos

humans

39
Q

constant loss

A

mortality is about the same for any age;

40
Q

Constant loss example

A

songbirds

41
Q

early loss

A

usually r–strategists high mortality is early in life.

42
Q

early loss examples

A

fish

frogs

43
Q

Conservation biology

A

interdisciplinary science that deals with problems of maintaining Earth’s biodiversity, including genetic, species, & ecosystem components of life

44
Q

Conservation

A

sensible use of natural resources by humans

45
Q

Three underlying principles of conservation

A
  • biodiversity & ecological integrity are useful & necessary for
    life & should not be reduced by human activity;
  • humans should not cause or hasten premature extinction of
    populations & species;
  • the best way to preserve biodiversity & ecological integrity
    is to protect intact intact ecosystems & sufficient habitat.
46
Q

Ensuring viable populations of wild species ultimately requires

A

protection of sufficient suitable habitat.

47
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

process by which human activity breaks natural ecosystems into smaller & smaller pieces of land

48
Q

habitat fragments

A

Small islands of land caused by habitat fragmentation

49
Q

One concern about remaining habitat is

A

Whether it is of sufficient size & quality to maintain viable populations of wild species

50
Q

Corridors

A

long areas of land that connect habitat that otherwise would be fragmented

51
Q

What is the importance of corridors?

A

corridors permit movement of migratory animals and ensure interbreeding of plant & animal populations

52
Q

What is a criticism of corridors?

A

may be too narrow to be of value

53
Q

Corridor example

A

corridor of protected land between protected
lowland rain forest of La Selva Biological Station, Costa
Rica, & mountain habitat of Braulio Carrillo National Park protects biodiversity by ensuring that species can migrate up & down the mountains

54
Q

Bioinformatics

A

management of biological information.

55
Q

What is bioinformatics important to conservation biology?

A

• good conservation biology requires good
information
• increasingly conservation efforts require building
computer databases concerning biodiversity

56
Q

Major human impacts on ecosystems includes

A

• fragmenting & degrading habitat;
• simplifying natural ecosystems;
• strengthening some populations of pest species and
disease–causing bacteria by speeding natural selection
& causing genetic resistance through overuse of
pesticides & antibiotics;
• eliminating some predators;
• deliberately or accidentally introducing new species;
• overharvesting potentially renewable resources;
• interfering with chemical cycling & energy flows.

57
Q

living systems have six key features

A

interdependence, diversity, resilience, adaptability, unpredictability, & limits;

58
Q

Most ecosystems use

A

sunlight as major energy source

59
Q

energy is always required to

A

produce or maintain energy flow or to recycle chemicals;

60
Q

Ecosystems replenish

Ecosystems dispose

A

Nutrients

Wastes

61
Q

In an ecosystem what are renewed?

A

soil, water, air, plants, & animals are renewed

62
Q

complex networks of positive & negative feedback loops operate within

A

natural systems, whether in individual organism, populations, or whole ecosystems;

63
Q

population size & growth rate of all species are controlled by

A

interactions with other species & the nonliving environment.

64
Q

biodiversity takes forms of

A

genes, species, and ecosystems

65
Q

our lives, lifestyles, & economies are dependent on the

A

sun and earth

66
Q

we are part of, not apart from

A

Earth’s dynamic web of life

67
Q

Global CPR

A

conservation
preservation
restoration

68
Q

Can we restore damaged ecosystems?

A

In some cases

69
Q

Natural restoration

A

Relatively slow
Repair & protect ecosystems
Considerable effort & expense
Requires solid understanding of ecology

70
Q

Natural restoration example

A

in Sacramento, California, rancher Jim Callender restored a wetland by reshaping land and handplanting native plants; many of the native plants &
animals are now thriving there

71
Q

It is not possible to undo all ecological harm

A

Such as in cases of extinction

APES (26 decks)

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