XI - Human Population:Growth, Demography, & Carrying Capacity

Question 1

Population chance is calculated as

Answer 1

the difference between individuals entering and leaving a population

Question 2

Birth rate

Answer 2

reported as the number of births per thousand people

Question 3

Death rate

Answer 3

reported as the number of deaths per thousand people

Question 4

Zero population growth

Answer 4

occurs when factors that increase and decrease population size balance

Question 5

Rule of 70

Answer 5

number of years it takes for an amount growing at x % per year to double is roughly equal to 70/x.

Question 6

Developed countries tend to have

Answer 6

lower birth rates & death rates than developing countries

Question 7

World’s most populous nations

Answer 7

China
India
USA
Indonesia
Pakistan
Brazil
Nigeria
Bangladesh
Russia
Mexico

Question 8

Population size by region

Answer 8

Asia 4.6 B
Africa 1.3 B
Europe 0.75 B
Latin America 0.65 B
North America 0.37 B
Oceania 43 M

Question 9

Average total fertility nowadays

Answer 9

2.5 children per woman

Question 10

How has the total fertility in the United States behaved?

Answer 10

Major increase during “baby boom”

Now hovering below replacement level at 1.8 births per woman

Question 11

What are significant factors that decrease human fertility levels?

Answer 11

increase in average level of education & affluence;
decrease in importance of child labor;
increased urbanization;
increased cost of raising & educating children;
increased educational & employment opportunities for women;
decreased infant mortality;
higher average age of marriage;
greater availability of private & public pensions;
greater availability of reliable birth control;
greater availability of legal abortions;
change in religious beliefs, traditions, & cultural norms away from encouraging large families.

Question 12

Birth control method

Answer 12

abstinence
sterilization
hormonal implant
IUD
Vaginal pouch
Condom
Spermicide
Cervical cap

Question 13

Infant death rates are lower in

Answer 13

developed countries than developing countries.

Question 14

The rapid growth in the world’s population has not resulted from

Answer 14

an increase in birth rates, but rather a major decrease in death rates.

Question 15

What primarily has caused the exponential growth in human?

Answer 15

Increasing difference between birth & death rates

Question 16

In developed countries decreases in death rates are being accompanied by

Answer 16

decreases in birth rates over time.

Question 17

Rate of natural increase is equivalent to

Answer 17

crude birth rate minus crude death rate

Question 18

In developing countries decreases in death rates have not been accompanied by a

Answer 18

s large of decreases in birth rates over time, leading to major population increase.

Question 19

Age structure

Answer 19

refers to the proportion of the population in each age class

Question 20

prereproductive

Answer 20

0–14 years

Question 21

reproductive

Answer 21

15–44 years

Question 22

postreproductive

Answer 22

45 & up

Question 23

What does a population age structure show?

Answer 23

Age structure

Proportions of males vs females

Question 24

Rapidly growing populations

Answer 24

pyramid–shaped age structures, with large numbers of prereproductive individuals

Question 25

Slower growing populations

Answer 25

More even age distribution

Question 26

Rapid growth examples

Answer 26

Kenya
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia

Question 27

Slow growth examples

Answer 27

US
Australia
Canada

Question 28

Population with zero population growth

Answer 28

nearly equal proportions of prereproductive & reproductive individuals

Question 29

Populations with negative growth

Answer 29

greater proportion of reproductive than prereproductive individuals.

Question 30

Population with zero population growth examples

Answer 30

Denmark
Austria
Italy

Question 31

Populations with negative growth examples

Answer 31

Germany
Bulgaria
Hungary

Question 32

Developing countries are expected to continue to have

Answer 32

a pyramid shape through the year 2025, although the age structure will become somewhat more evenly distributed.

Question 33

Populations of developed countries are expected to have

Answer 33

an increasingly even age distribution through the year 2025.

Question 34

Population age structure of the United States continues to

Answer 34

show a bulge as the baby boom generation ages. This has been compared to watching a boa constrictor swallow a pig.

Question 35

The Limits to Growth (1972)

Answer 35

indicated that if current economic, resource use, & population trends continue then we can expect economic & ecological collapse

Question 36

What basic assumptions of industrial societies did The Limits to Growth challenge?

Answer 36

There are no limits to industrial & population growth.

Question 37

What does this computer model project might happen if the world’s population & economy continue to grow exponentially at 1990 levels?

Answer 37

It will eventually collapses.

Question 38

What does computer model project will happen if fertility is stabilized to 2 children per couple?

Answer 38

we can avoid overshoot & collapse to make a fairly smooth transition to a sustainable future.

Question 39

4 stages of demographic transition

Answer 39

Preindustrial
Transitional
Industrial
Post Industrial

Question 40

What happens in the Preindustrial Stage

Answer 40

Both birth & death rates are relatively high & approximately equal, such that the population does not increase, & the population size is small

Question 41

What happens in the Transitional Stage?

Answer 41

Death rate decreases markedly because of industrialization, increased food production, & improved health care; birth rates remain relatively high, such the population grows rapidly.

Question 42

What happens the Industrial Stage?

Answer 42

Birth rate drops & eventually approaches a balance with death rate, leading to a slowing of population growth.

Question 43

What happens in the Postindustrial Stage?

Answer 43

approximately balance, zero population growth is attained, & the population stabilizes at a size much higher than the preindustrial size; if birth rate declines below death rate negative population growth may even be attained.

Question 44

as fertility decreases,

Answer 44

immigration has become a major source of population increase in the U.S

Question 45

Working immigrants

Answer 45

Boost the economy in the long run

Question 46

Population control in India

Answer 46

1952 India began national family planning program

Question 47

What happened with the planning program?

Answer 47

as fertility decreases, immigration has become a major source of population increase in the U.S.;

Question 48

Why do Indian parents still have many kids?

Answer 48

To take care of them as they get older

Question 49

Population control in China

Answer 49

1970 - initiated efforts to strictly control population - One Child policy

Question 50

How can governments reduce population growth

Answer 50

improve access to family planning & reproductive health care;
improve heath care for infants, children, & pregnant women;
encourage development of national population policies;
improve equality between men & women;
increase access to education, especially for girls;
increase the involvement of men in child rearing & family planning;
reduce poverty;
reduce & eliminate unsustainable patterns of production & consumption.