Xenobiotic metabolism / Carcinogens

Question 0

Phase 2? by what enzymes?

Answer 0

Conjugation.
phase 2 enzymes:
- transferases

Question 1

Phase 1?

by what enzymes?

Answer 1

Functionalization.
Phase 1 enzymes:
- Oxidoreductases
- Hydrolases

Question 2

Multistage carcinogenesis? (4 stages)

Answer 2

1) Initiation –> irrevers. transformation of cells
2) Promotion –> specific proliferation of initiated cells.
3) progression –> increasing genetic instability, invasiv & destructive tumor growth.
4) Metastasis –> infiltration of blood, formation of 2° tumors

Question 3

Genotoxic carcinogenesis?

Answer 3

1°: carcinogenic w/out metabolic activation of after activation
2°: e.g. formation of ROS

Question 4

Non-genotoxic carcinogenesis? (=Epigenetics)

Answer 4

promoters…

Question 5

Transition?

Answer 5

exchange of purine by purine

Question 6

Transversion?

Answer 6

Exchange of purine by pyrimidine

Question 7

chromosomal mutation?

Answer 7

change in chrom. structure

Question 8

genome mutation?

Answer 8

changs in chromosome number

Question 9

effects of DNA damage?

Answer 9

• Change of metabolism
• Immortalization
• Tumor suppr. inactivation
• Oncogene activation