X-ray Of Body Flashcards
F&A - What do heal fat pad measurements do
Thickness and size can indicate damage to plantar fascia
Normal ranges:
Male = average 19mm & max 25mm
Female = average 19mm & max 23mm
F&A - What does the Boeler’s angle do
Angle of three highest points on calcaneous
Normal measurements 28* - 40*
What is an enthesis
The point where a tendon inserts into bone
(Seen on x-ray by an increase in radiopacity)
Describe the term sclorosis
Thickening of bone due to increased load
K - Sesamoid bones & osicles
Fabella - lateral head of gastrocnemius above tibiofemoral joint line
Cymella - within tendon of popliteus in femoral popliteal groove
Meniscal - within posterior horn of medial meniscus
K - Describe bipartite, tripartite, multipartite patella
Develops a single ossification centre at 5/6 years old
Failure of full ossification - isolated segments
K - Normal value for axial relationships of knee
Femoral angle
Average = 81
Minimum = 75
Maximum = 85
K - Normal value for axial relationships of knee
Tibial angle
Average = 93
Minimum = 85
Maximum = 100
K - What are the normal views of the knee
AP knee - intercondylar (tunnel) projection
Lateral knee - tangential (sunrise) projection
K - Explain the supra patella pouch
Knee swells upwards
Space (joint capsule) between quadriceps tendon & femur
K - Explain the dorsal defect of the patella
A small osteo lytic defect of the superior lateral dorsal surface of the patella (small patch of radiolucency on x-ray)
Non specific non inflammatory material is present
F&A - Describe the normal views of the foot & ankle
AP ankle
Lateral ankle
Dorsiplantar foot
Lateral foot
F&A - Describe the special views of the foot & ankle
Medial oblique ankle
Medial oblique foot
F&A - Describe tarsal coalition
Connection of the tarsal bones in the foot
F&A - Describe calcaneal apophysis
Inflammation of the calcaneal growth plate
H&P - What are the common views of the hip
AP
Frog-leg projection
H&P - What are the common views of the pelvis
AP pelvis
AP sacrum
Lateral sacrum
AP coccyx
Lateral coccyx
H&P - Why can’t the SI joint be seen from an AP view
It would be superimposed so can only be seen from an angle
Definition of buttressing
The development of thickened or exostotic buccal alveolar bone in response to heavy occlusal forces
What is a spot view
A view specific to a particular area (eg, coccyx)
What is osteopenia
Loss of bone mineral density, indicates fewer minerals
H&P - Key alignment guides and lines for the hip
Teardrop distance
Hip joint space width
Protrusio Acetbuli
Shenton’s Line
Klein’s Line
Pelvis - Intercrestal Line
H&P - Describe teardrop distance
Between the medial femoral head and the outer cortex of the pelvic teardrop
H&P - Teardrop distance normal values
Average = 9mm
Minimum = 6mm
Maximum = 11mm
H&P - Describe a slipped capital femoral epiphysis
A common hip pathology in pre-adolescent and adolescents - Salter-Harris fracture
Femoral epiphysis is abnormally displaced posteriorly and inferiorly relative to the femoral head and neck
What is a Salter-Harris fracture
Fractures through a growth plate and are therefore specifically applied to bone fractures in children
H&P - Describe the femoral angle
Two line drawn through and parallel to the mid-axis of the femoral shaft and femoral neck. The femoral angle is measured.
H&P - Normal values for the femoral angle
Minimum = 120* (value <120* coxa vara - turned out)
Maximum = 130* (value >130* coxa valga - turned in)
If coxa vara or coxa valga in hip, the opposite will be present in the knee joint)
T&S - What are the common views of the thorax and spine
AP lumbopelvic
Lateral lumbosacral
Lumbar oblique
AP lumbosacral sopot
Lateral lumbosacral spot
T&S - What are the thoracic spine views
Thoracic spine AP
Thoracic spine lateral
Lateral cervicothoracic
T&S - DEscribe the lumbar measurements and alignment tools
Lumbar lordosis
Lumbosacral lordosis angle
Spondylolisthesis
T&S - Describe the condition spondylolisthesis
Anterior or retro
Slippage of vertebrae (most commonly L5 or S1)
Failure for vertebrae to unite & form correctly
Trauma (eg, fracture of pars) causing the vertebral body to become forced forward
Measured by Meyerding’s classification of spondylolisthesis
H&N - What are the common views of the head and neck
AP lower cervical spine
AP open mouth
Neutral lateral cervical spine
H&N - What are the special views of the head and neck
Oblique projection
Flexion/Extension views
S - What are the standard views of the shoulder
AP internal rotation
AP external rotation
AP AC joint
PA clavicle
S - What are the special views of the shoulder
Abduction (baby arm)
S - What are the measurement & alignment
Glenohumeral joint space
Acromioclavicular joint space
Acromiohumeral joint space
