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COGS 143 > Wursig and Pearson (2013) > Flashcards

Wursig and Pearson (2013) Flashcards

1
Q

Lone dolphin is _____; they are so _____

A

rare; social

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2
Q

What characteristics make up a dolphin’s social nature?

A 
resting
traveling
foraging 
feeding
social and sexual behavior
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3
Q

What are difference in sizes between riverine, nearshore dolphins and open-ocean group dolphins?

A

riverine and nearshore = small groups (few to several dozen)

open-ocean groups = large groups (100s to 1000s)

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4
Q

What makes up the characteristics of the habitat that influences the social structure of dolphins?

A

food, exposure/shelter to predators, resources, opportunities for and manner of communication, sociality and cognitive abilities

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5
Q

Define school/group/pod of dolphins.

A

those that regularly swim together

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6
Q

Small bodied dolphins live in ____ waters; may never come near island/continents

A

pelagic

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7
Q

Entire lives small bodied dolphins live within the _____ ______

A

school envelope

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8
Q

What type of society do small bodied dolphins have?

A

fission fusion and individual interchange

  • sex and age mixed units
  • nursery units
  • mating units
  • subadult units
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9
Q

What is the pro of having a large school?

A

overall enhancement of sensory awareness

-faster response time to large predators, sharks, and killer whales

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10
Q

How do mixed species groups of dolphins exhibit mutualism?

A

can potentially enhance group benefits such as vigilance against predators
-dolphins pay attention to each other while they coordinate travel and other movements

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11
Q

Dolphins are sexually ________

A

monomorphic

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12
Q

Pelagic dolphins practice ________

A

polygnandry (multiple partners)

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13
Q

Killer whales and pilot whales tend toward ______ ______ leading to _____ female bonds

A

social matriarchies; close

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14
Q

Greater size of pod is most efficient for what?

A

taking prey

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15
Q

Killer whales and pilot whales exhibit sexual ________

A

dimorphism

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16
Q

Describe activities of spinner dolphins.

A

vocal at night, large spinner school splits up = fission fusion society

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17
Q

Describe the friendship bonds in spinner dolphins.

A

composition of group varies but friendship bonds exist

  • differences in affiliation are useful in maintaining and enhancing bonds
  • nightime = coordinate cooperative feeding and form sexual partnerships
18
Q

Describe what is mean by “macro fission fusion”

A
  • dolphins move one atoll to another
  • physically and socially integrated
  • genetic diversity = low however
  • intertoll matings take place
19
Q

What are the three types of dolphins that switch between nearshore shallow and deep water pelagic zones?

A
  1. spinner dolphins
  2. Dusky dolphins
  3. shallow water bottlenose dolphin
20
Q

Describe the activities of Dusky dolphins.

A
  • feed on schooling, fishes in day (coasts with precipitous drop offs into oceanic waters)
  • rest at night in shallow near shore waters
21
Q

What is the social structure of Dusky Dolphins?

A
  • fission fusion

- 10 dolphin subunits

22
Q

What are the benefits of the 10 dolphin size subunits for Dusky Dolphins?

A
  • protection against shark and killer predation, less conspicuous
  • when killer approaches, hide in surf zone
23
Q

Dusky Dolphins, foraging = ______

A

individual; alternate rest, social activities in day time => allows for collective sensory awareness

24
Q

What are the activities of the Dusky dolphin?

A

rest, socializing, mating, nursing

25
Q

Explain the effect of feeding strategies on cultural differences.

A

cultural differences between those feed year round and those that change foraging strategies and habitat according to season

26
Q

Why is there no marked fission fusion in Argentinian Dusky Dolphins?

A
  1. low predation risk
  2. decrease prey availability
  3. not a smany duskies can fit into small bay
27
Q

What is the social structure of the shallow water bottlenose dolphin?

A

highly dynamic fission fusion structure
(may change on time scales => hours to minutes)
-5 to 7 individuals

28
Q

Compare the bonds with males and female shallow water bottlenose dolphins.

A

male bonds = stronger, coalitional behavior
female bonds =weaker, wider social network; bonds change according to reproductive status, ignore males except when cycling

29
Q

Describe the difference between non schooling fish and schooling fish foraging strategies.

A

nonschooling fish = individual foraging strategies

schooling fish = cooperative strategies (Even with humans)

30
Q

Describe killer whales in terms of social behavior.

A
  • most cosmopolitan delphinid
  • multilevel, multicultural
  • neither sex emigrates from natal pod
31
Q

Describe the differences between resident and transient killer whales.

A 
transient = one or both sexes disperse, more fluid
residents = forage in larger groups

(some say different species)

32
Q

(True/False): Killers whales that are members of different ecotype do not mate/interact.

A

TRUE

-leads to reproductive isolation. genetic differentiation, persistence of the mammal eating versus fish eating strategies

33
Q

What major evolutionary shift in division led to different cultures of killer whales?

A
  • some eat fish

- some eat marine mammals

34
Q

What is the significance of slow life history?

A
  • cognitive adaptations and socioecological developments
  • infant dependency => learning
  • older females with no children also teach
35
Q

Bottlenose dolphins have a ____ year development

A

4

36
Q

Male dolphins ______ provide prenatal care

A

do not

37
Q

What are the differences in how to gain reproductive success for female and male dolphins?

A

gaining access to food = reproductive success for females

gaining access to women = reproductive success for males

38
Q

Group size and composition of schools and pods fluctuate according to what?

A

shifting balance of costs and benefits with prey, mating, predation risk

39
Q

What facts suggest that there may be shared ancestry between dolphins and ungulates?

A
  1. few to single offspring
  2. prolonged periods of offspring dependency
  3. offspring following behavior
  4. large group formation for protection against predators
40
Q

What is the “social brain hypothesis”?

A

-large relative brain size (large relative neocortex size) and complex cognition evolved to solve problems associated with monitoring changing group properties, social hierarchies and networks of relationships

41
Q

Neocortex should ______ with brain size

A

increase

COGS 143 (17 decks)

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