Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COGS 143 > Lecture 11: Cooperation & Ethics > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Cooperation & Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of altruism?

A

Alarm calls are “altruistic” since alarmer may attract predators to itself while protecting others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Altruism is most often performed between ________ individuals

A

related; per “Kin Selection”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an example of kin selection with altruism?

A

Newcomers to a primate troop less likely to alarm than long term resident w/kin in group (similar results in ground squirrels and other non-primates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

altruism that occurs between unrelated individuals provided the participants can be reasonably certain of being reciprocated later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What conditions make reciprocal altruism most likely to happen?

A
  1. Animals are long lived
  2. Animals live in coherent groups so will have repeated encounters
  3. Animals have cognitive ability to monitor status of “social contract”
  4. Check for Cheaters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do we mean by “social contract” when discussing reciprocal altruism?

A
  • track who owes who
  • track “currency” values (i.e. aid in agonism, bonding contact/rituals, cooperative feeding, co-vigilance for predators, etc.)
  • Assessments of reputation (i.e. observe who potentially is a good partner, who on fence, etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do we mean by “cheaters” when discussing reciprocal altruism?

A

Those who do not reciprocate must be detected and punished (“sanctioned”)
i.e. De Waal 1996: Yeoren sanctions coalition partner Nikki for not helping against Luit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the importance of checking for cheaters?

A

Otherwise, cheaters could exploit, swamp system, making reciprocal altruism unstable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In biology, what does altruism mean?

A

any act that benefits another, in which Cost to agent is greater than benefit to agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are there issues with the definitive data for Reciprocal Altruism?

A
  • difficult to generate and interpret
  • determining cost, benefit, social currency, etc. may not be straightforward esp. over long time periods
  • bits and pieces suggest both primates and cetaceans may be candidates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an example of altruism in chimps?

A
  • food calls
  • If find fig tree with lots of ripe fruit, then call. if little ripe fruit, then don’t
  • often results in sharing with kin, but broadcast call also attracts non-kin and some sharing occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an example of altruism in vervets?

A
  • vervet alarm calls

- diff for Eagle, Snake, leopard, provoke appropriate defensive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the vervet response for eagle?

A

move to center of tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the vervet response for snake?

A

stand up and look around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the vervet response for leopard?

A

run to outer tree branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do vervet infants exude altruism?

A
  • begin calling @ 1 year, but first to right category/wrong instance (e.g. Eagle to Vulture))
  • eventually through feedback from others’ response and use, learn only alarm to threat species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are the vervet alarm calls typically consider altruism versus. reciprocal altruism?

A

vervets live in matrilineal groups, so this is probably kin-based altruism, not Reciprocal Altruism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of altruistic behavior is common in cetaceans?

A

epimeletic (caregiving) behavior (common in odontocetes) unlike in NHPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are examples of epimelectic behavior in cetaceans?

A
  • when one ailing/dead, others will lift to surface to breathe
  • one captured, harrassed, others will “stand by” –whalers used this to catch esp. sperm whales
  • sometimes see shark teeth marks on Tursiops’ head from ramming–defending others?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are mass strandings and how is it related to altruism?

A

only one, few animals ill, but others will also beach, refuse to leave (or until other dead)
-often seen in Globacephaline species (Pilot whales, Orca?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cetacean altruism typically involves _____, (since ______ and _______ live in matrilineal groups) BUT can sometimes see this behavior between animals of ______ _______

A

kin, Sperm Whales and Pilot whales, different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are examples of when altruism is seen between cetaceans of different species?

A

-Captive Orca & Lag. or Orcas from different oceans aid, mourn one another
-Wild Bottlenose sometimes sides with known Spotteds against other unknown Bottlenose
-Long history, including recent, reports of Humans being rescued, protected from sharks
(above technically fit the “Reciprocal Altruism” model described above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the best examples of “altruism” involved in apparent expectation of reciprocation within primates?

A
  • Female vervets more likely to aid nonkin if later recently groomed them (aid kin regardless)
  • male olive baboon helps male ally drive off a third from female, tho may not get to mate that time
  • some male chimp hunting bands (Tai forest) share meat only with participating males
  • female bonobos form reciprocating coalitions (e.g. via gg-rub, groom, peet, etc.)
  • plus SEX with males or females can be exchanged for food in Bonobos
24
Q

What is the data for reciprocal altruism in cetaceans?

A

no data yet for dolphins, although coalitional and cooperative behavior commonplace, so seems likely

25
Q

What is reconciliation?

A

increased tendency to engage in affiliation following agonism

26
Q

What is a caveat of reconciliation? (how is it related or not related to altruism?)

A
  • not necessarily altruistic since still serves self-interest (i.e. make peace, reduce stress, repair relationships, etc)
  • but certainly an aspect of human ethics and does serve the greater good
27
Q

Describe the actions of reconciliation found within primates?

A
  • compare likelihood of affiliative interaction within 10 minutes of agonsim vs. of random proximity
  • most do increase grooming, friendly contact immediately after fights
  • seem more often egalitarian Stumptail than despotic Rhesus Macaques (except w/kin)
28
Q

What is mediated reconciliation? (e.g. De Waal)

A
  • when antagonists do not themselves show inclination to reconcile
  • other in group may establish a jointly-affiliative context, until antagonists groom each other
29
Q

For cetaceans, one study in captive _________ also shows affiliation increased after agonism (Weaver, 2003).

A

bottlenose

30
Q

What is an example of equity exhibited by primates?

A

Brosnan (2006)
subject sees other animal receive better reward than it does for same task
-comes to refuse poorer reward (which it previously accepted when both recv’d) and/or to do task

31
Q

In the equity (Brosnan 2006) task, what animals were used? Which performed faster?

A

Chimps refused faster than Cebus, and were more sensitive to other animal’s presence

gives rock, sees other person gets grape, and they get cucumber; get mad => some sense of fairness and refuse to work more

32
Q

What is empathy?

A

emotional synchrony with sufferer despite lack of threat or pain to self

33
Q

How do cetaceans exhibit empathy?

A

often show distress (wide eyes, whistling, persistent) when others captured, hurt

34
Q

How do primates exhibit empathy?

A

Primates (but not Rhesus monkeys), show distress (e.g. pout face) when see other monkey captured
-mirror cells may facilitate recognition of goals and help evoke pertinent emotion

35
Q

What is self control and what is it required for?

A
  • culturally mandated/cortically mediated restraint

- required for deception

36
Q

How do cetaceans exhibit self control?

A

carnivorous predator that humans interact with

e.g. Orca treat trainers as part of pod, even though could consume

37
Q

How do primates exhibit self control?

A
  • consider data on deception as example of self control

- recall “Greedy Giveaway” task and how mediating symbol can help curb “greedy” response

38
Q

How is self recognition tested?

A

self recognition in mirror tested via “Mark test” (Gallup 1970)

39
Q

What is the procedure with primates during the “Mark Test”?

A

Subject exposed to mirror, then mirror removed. Subject anesthetized, forehead marked with paint. When it awakens, watch to see if detects paint (does not), then re-expose to mirror

40
Q

What are the results of primates with the “Mark Test”?

A

Monkey threaten weird “other monkey” it sees; Apes groom themselves to remove paint

41
Q

What is the interpretation of the results of the “Mark Test” with primates?

A

only apes have “self concept” that allows them to recognize own reflection

42
Q

What happened with dolphins in the “Mark Test”?

A
  • some researchers attempted mark test with Dolphins
  • not appropriate test
  • some dolphins “make faces” at mirror, but could be testing mimicry ability of animal in mirror?
  • in one test, d’s ignored mark until trainers started to wipe it, then paid repeated visits to mirror (?)
43
Q

What does “self recognition” really mean? (consider in relation to humans)?

A

In humans, seems to develop out of social interaction

  • related to “perspective taking”? -> seems to be a prerequisite for ToM??
  • humans recognize self in mirror at 10 months, not good at ToM until 3 yeras
44
Q

What brain areas are involved in primates for ethics and cooperation?

A
  1. Prefrontal cortex: involved in inhibiting impulsive, emotional (Limbic system mediated) responses, thinking twice, orbitofrontal focused on social interpretation and strategy
  2. Amygdala implicated in human empathy
45
Q

What brain areas are involved with cooperation and ethics in cetaceans?

A
  • paralimbic cortex?? (cellular physiology consistent with “higher visual” but positioned to interact with limbic?”
  • note: dolphins have HUGE amygdala relative to primates and other mammals
46
Q

Empathy is harder to find in _____

A

NHPs

47
Q

Rhesus ______ display distress at the sight of other’s distress

A

do not

48
Q

chimps ______ display distress at the sight of other’s distress

A

do

49
Q

What could be an explanation for the difference in empathetic reactions from Rhesus and Chimpanzees?

A
  • elaborated mirror cell system involved in Chimpanzees

* may also be involved in role of observation in problem solving

50
Q

What brain area is important for primate deception

A

PFC (well developed in apes)

i. e. Mean trainer/Nice trainer task
i. e. greedy giveaway task (self inhibition, same circuits => NHPs)

51
Q

Why is the Mark test when used on dolphins not ecologically valid?

A

dolphins can’t touch the mark or use limbs to acknowledge it; cetaceans not into grooming bodies

52
Q

What brain regions interact and are important in ToM? What could be the brain region for these in cetaceans?

A

orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala

in cetaceans: paralimibic cortex (extra lobe) => not really a frontal lobe, could be same as OFC in primates

53
Q

(True/False): Altruism requires sophisticated cognition.

A

false

54
Q

Explain embedded thinking.

A

scoring head orientation in bonobos -> brightness field -> effect 3rd party = C’s influence (looking at interaction), then A would be more likely to turn away
-social tools are embedded, alibi: act as if interested in something else to distract other’s gaze

55
Q

Greedy Giveaway Task: M & M’s use ______ system while symbols use the ______ system = different circuits mediating response

A

limbic; prefrontal

56
Q

(True/False): The vervet monkey calls definitely reference the animal that they are talking about.

A

False; can also mean “run to tree” behavior response pattern

COGS 143 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions