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COGS 143 > Primates and Cetaceans > Flashcards

Primates and Cetaceans Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethology?

A

the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionary adaptive trait

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2
Q

How many species are there of primates?

A

80

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3
Q

What are the key cognitive features that characterize most primates?

A
  1. Large Brains
  2. Hand-eye coordination
  3. Few Long-Dependent Young
  4. High Social
  5. Playful
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4
Q

What are the two major divisions of primates?

A

Prosimians and Anthropoids

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5
Q

True/False: Prosimians do not have opposable thumbs.

A

FALSE; All primates have opposable thumbs

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6
Q

True/False: Anthropoids are the closest to the original, ancestral primates.

A

FALSE; prosimians are the closest to ancestral

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7
Q

Where are the prosimians found?

A

Madagascar, Australia, and Africa

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8
Q

What facial features do prosimians have?

A

projecting snout, wet noses, tethered lips

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9
Q

What is the latin name for the gorilla?

A

Gorilla gorilla (ITALICIZED)

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10
Q

What do the prosimians’ facial features mean about their behavior?

A

wet noses = depend more on smell than NHPs

tethered lips = less facial expression than other NHPs

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11
Q

True/False: Prosimians are smaller brained than other primates.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Describe the behavior and sleeping patterns of prosimians.

A

Some are social others are relatively solitary, and most of these are nocturnal

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13
Q

What do prosimians eat?

A

insects; they are insectivores

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14
Q

What are anthropoids sometimes called?

A

True monkeys

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15
Q

(True/False) Anthropoids are not social at all.

A

FALSE; most are highly social

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16
Q

What are the two major divisions of the of the Anthropoids?

A
  1. New World Monkeys

2. Old World Monkeys and Apes

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17
Q

What are the physical features of anthropoids?

A

flat aces, dry noses, and more dexterous hands

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18
Q

Where are the New World Monkeys typically found?

A

Mexico, Central and South America

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19
Q

What is a unique tail trait that New World monkeys have?

A

Prehensile tails; hook grip and capable of grasping

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20
Q

True/False: All New World monkeys are diurnal (active during the day).

A

TRUE; except for owl monkey

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21
Q

True/False: No New World monkeys are arboreal.

A

False; All New World monkeys are arboreal.

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22
Q

What is unique about the Capuchin monkeys?

A
  1. largest relative brain size (per body weight) of any New World Monkey
  2. only NWM that regularly uses tools
  3. forms social coalitions and other complex social relationships
  4. Best NW dexterity
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23
Q

What do capuchins eat?

A

patchy, ripe fruit; places higher cognitive demands than all-leaf diet

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24
Q

What niches are New World Monkeys found in?

A

variety of niches: follivory, frugivory, insectivory, etc.

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25
Q

What is the latin name for Capuchins?

A

Cebus (italicized)

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26
Q

Which Anthropoid division do humans belong in?

A

Old World Monkeys and Apes

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27
Q

Where are the OWMs found?

A

Africa, Asia (Humans are everywhere)

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28
Q

What are ischial callosities and why are they important?

A

butt pads that OWMs have; allows them to sit up and use hands

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29
Q

True/False: OWMs have better opposability and better precision grip than NWMs.

A

TRUE

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30
Q

What physical feature distinguishes OWMs?

A

long nostrils; malleable faces

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31
Q

Where do OWMs live?

A

many arboreal, some terrestrial

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32
Q

What characteristics distinguish the Hominoids or the lesser and Great Apes?

A
  1. largest brains
  2. large bodies
  3. no tails
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33
Q

What is the latin name for Orangutans?

A

Pongo pygmaeus (ITALICIZED)

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34
Q

What is the latin name for chimps?

A

Pan troglodytes (ITALICIZED)

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35
Q

What is the latin name for bonobos?

A

Pan paniscus (ITALICIZED)

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36
Q

What are examples of lesser apes?

A

gibbons and siamangs

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37
Q

What are characteristics of lesser apes?

A

monogamous, canopy dwellers

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38
Q

What are characteristics of Pongids (Great Apes)?

A
  1. larger-bodied, larger brains than Lesser Apes, some species sexually dimorp[hic
  2. longest-dependent young, nurse 4-6 years
  3. these apes most closely related to humans
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39
Q

Which has the bigger brain, monkeys or prosimians?

A

monkeys

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40
Q

What are two special qualities that primates have?

A

bipedal, opposable thumbs

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41
Q

What is the primary primate sensory modality?

A

vision

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42
Q

What type of eye do primates have? What makes this different?

A

forward facing eye; different because other species can have lateral eyes

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43
Q

Why is depth perception important for primates?

A

navigating environment and identifying and manipulating objects

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44
Q

Who has the largest EQ: Ape, Monkey, or Prosimian?

A

Ape

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45
Q

What is encephalization quotient (EQ)?

A

brain to body ratio

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46
Q

Who is most closely related to humans: ape, monkey, or prosimian?

A

Ape

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47
Q

Who is most similar to the original ancestral primate: ape, monkey, or prosimian?

A

Prosimians

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48
Q

What type of primate is a pygmy marmoset?

A

monkey

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49
Q

Where are pygmy marmosets from?

A

New World

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50
Q

What is the social structure of pygmy marmosets?

A

monogamous, nuclear families

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51
Q

How many offspring do pygmy marmosets tend to have?

A

often have twins

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52
Q

What type of primate are spider monkeys?

A

monkeys

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53
Q

Where are spider monkeys from?

A

New World

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54
Q

How is the spider monkey’s tail different from the other primates?

A

prehensile; furlous pad on the bottom of tail for hanging off branches

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55
Q

What is the spider monkey’s social structure?

A

split off into little groups and come back together; keep track of everyone; fission fusion

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56
Q

What type of primate is a guenon?

A

monkey

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57
Q

Vervets are also a type of guenon–what do we know about them?

A

alarm calls, different ones for different predators

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58
Q

Vervets live on the African savannah–do the other guenons?

A

live lots of different environments: jungles, forest, swamps

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59
Q

How might where they live make the vervets’ behavior differ?

A

different places, different predators, different calls, different diets

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60
Q

What type of primate are mangabeys?

A

Monkey

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61
Q

What micro-habitat do mangabeys inhabit?

A

canopy

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62
Q

How does the mangabey tail help in their habitat?

A

balance, swing between branches

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63
Q

What is the function of the Mangabeys’ ischial callosities?

A

frees hands, allows them to sit up

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64
Q

What is the Black Mangabey’s claim to fame?

A

vocalization, “woop gobble”

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65
Q

What type of primate is a mandrill?

A

monkey

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66
Q

What use do Mandrills make of color?

A

social standing, show of strength and sexual signals

67
Q

What hint does the Mandrill’s appearance give to their social structure?

A

size shows whether male or female

68
Q

How does the mandrill’s social structure differ from that seen in Olive baboons?

A

olive baboons don’t have harem-like social structure

69
Q

Which is more likely to show reciprocity: Mandrills or Olive baboons?

A

Olive baboons

70
Q

What character from “The Lion King” is a mandrill?

A

RAFIKI

71
Q

What type of primate is the Francois Langur?

A

Monkey

72
Q

Where are the Francoi Langur from?

A

Vietnam, China, (Old World)

73
Q

What is the Francois Langurs’s primary food?

A

follivorous (herbivore, eats leaves)

74
Q

What are some possible cognitive implications of the Francois Langur’s diet?

A

follivorous: less cognitive abilities, long gut, small brain

75
Q

What type of primates are the orangutans?

A

Ape

76
Q

What does the orangutan’s name mean?

A

man of the forest

77
Q

What is the organutans’ social structure in the wild?

A

harem; sexual dimorphism

78
Q

What do we know about their cognitive abilities?

A

great imitators

79
Q

_____ is a famous orangutan involved in what kind of research?

A

Chantek; sign language studies

80
Q

What type of primate is a gorilla?

A

ape

81
Q

What is the gorilla’s social structure

A

harem, silverback = dominant male in group w/ multiple females

82
Q

Is the gorilla’s diet frugivorous or follivorous?

A

follivorous

83
Q

______ is a famous gorilla involved in what cognitive research?

A

Koko; sign language

84
Q

What type or primate is the black and white colobus?

A

monkey

85
Q

Is the black and white colobus’ diet more frugivorous or follivorous?

A

follivorous

86
Q

Red Colobus’ are sometimes cooperatively hunted by whom?

A

male chimpanzees

87
Q

What type of primate are bonobos?

A

apes

88
Q

What is the bonobos’ social structure?

A

alpha female anchors a bonobo group; multi male, multi female (males and females abou t the same size)

89
Q

What physiological feature distinguishes Bonobos?

A

female sexual swellings; prominent t/o hormonal cycle, all month long

90
Q

How do the female sexual swellings impact the bonobos’ social structure?

A

males and females always together, always social, can have reproductive sex

91
Q

How does the female sexual swelling impact the bonobos’ use of eye gaze?

A

male face to face; eye gaze is bonding, connection thing

92
Q

______ is a famous bonobo involved in what cognitive research?

A

Kanzi; comprehend some English (spoken and keyboard studies)

93
Q

What type of primate is the lion tail macaques?

A

Monkey

94
Q

Where are Macaques from?

A

Asia and Africa (Old World, India)

95
Q

To what medical term do Rhesus lend their name?

A

Rh blood factor

96
Q

Which macaque is most despotic and which is most egalitarian?

A

Rhesus = despotic

stump tailed = egalitarian

97
Q

____ is a famous Macaque (Japanese, not Lion-tail) involved in what cognitive research

A

Imo; she started washing her potatoes; behavior started passing on except for old males, example of culture

98
Q

What type of primate is the Gibbon?

A

lesser ape

99
Q

What is the Gibbons’ primary mode of locomotion called?

A

brachiation; arm swinging, arboreal locomotion

100
Q

What is the Gibbon’s social structure?

A

monogamous, bonded in pairs

101
Q

How is the gibbon’s social structure reflected in their localizations?

A

very loud calls to claim territory, duet during courtship to defend territory

102
Q

What type of primate is the Cebus Monkey?

A

monkey

103
Q

What type of primate is the slow loris?

A

prosimian

104
Q

Describe the “two headed display” of the cebus monkey and its implications?

A

one will get on top of another and gie angry faces to scare off predators

105
Q

How did the Cebus monkey earn their nickname?

A

“ape of the new world”; smartest New World monkeys with highest brain to body ratio

106
Q

How does the Cebus’ monkey object use differ from most other monkeys?

A

only New World tool user, i.e. rocks to attack nuts

107
Q

Why is the slow loris sleeping?

A

nocturnal

108
Q

In what ways are the slow loris’s associated with hunting?

A

orangutans hunt them for food

109
Q

What is unique about the congitive mapping in primate’s brains?

A

can develop entirely visually; i.e. through visual simulation

110
Q

Primates have ____ _____ for food finding and reading facial expressions

A

high acuity

111
Q

Primates have the ability to see _____ which is important to see ripe fruit and understand social signals

A

color

112
Q

Primates have sophisticated visual representational abilities including ______ _____

A

face perception

113
Q

Why is face perception important to have for primates?

A

abilitiy to recognize individuals and see head/eye direction

114
Q

True / False : Primates have a small sensorimotor cortex

A

FALSE; have a large

115
Q

Why is having good motor feedback in control important for primates?

A

good for manipulating food and social interaction, allow for facial expressions

116
Q

Who has more face musculature, apes or prosimians?

A

apes, prosimians have tethered lips which restrict

117
Q

The primates’ ______ and ______ are richly enervated for articulate action

A

mouth and face

118
Q

Primates have a(n) ______ vestibular system for _____ and _____

A

excellent vestibular system for balance and movement

119
Q

True/False: Primates have excellent Olfaction

A

FALSE

120
Q

Olfaction in primates is heavily linked to _____ and ______

A

emotion and motivation

121
Q

_____ % of the primates’ somatosensory cortex is dedicated to hands, the rest is to the mouth

A

20

122
Q

Where is touch sensitivity most sensitive on a primate’s body?

A

hands and tongue

123
Q

What was the importance of truncal uprightness for primates?

A

allowed to climb, swing from trees, led to freeing of hands and bipedalism

124
Q

What is the primates’ hand activity organized around?

A

objects

125
Q

What is important about hand-eye coordination in primates?

A

ability to see hands is well developed to maneuver through and manipulate environment

126
Q

Which species has the largest relative brain size of all New World monkeys?

A

cebus

127
Q

For cetaceans, the world is represented in ____ while for primates it’s in ______

A

sounds, vision

128
Q

What key cognitive features characterize cetaceans?

A

highly social, large brains, acoustic, few long-dependent young, playful, collaborative

129
Q

Cetaceans can nurse from ______ years

A

2 to 5

130
Q

Some cetaceans do not reach sexual maturity until ______ years old

A

10 to 12

131
Q

Where are cetaceans raised?

A

multi age schools: lots to learn, many to learn from

132
Q

True/False: Cetaceans have the largest brains on the planet

A

TRUE

133
Q

True/False: Cetaceans are mammals.

A

TRUE

134
Q

What are some characteristics of mammals?

A

warm-blooded, breathe air, nurse young

135
Q

Cetaceans have ____ offspring at a time

A

1

136
Q

What are some characteristics of the cetacean brain?

A
  • huge cerebellum
  • expansive, convoluted cortex
  • well developed social areas
  • wired for sounds
137
Q

True/False: Cetaceans evolved from another primitive sea animal

A

FALSE; evolved from land animals: two toed, hoofed predators

138
Q

What are the two different groups of cetaceans?

A

odontocetes and mysticetes

139
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Some cetaceans eat meat, some cetaceans eat plants in the sea.

A

FALSE; cetaceans = carnivorous creatures, predators

140
Q

What are some characteristics of odontocetes?

A

small brain
complex sound system
large teeth

141
Q

When did Mysticetes branch off from Ondotocetes? Why do we think this?

A

~35MYA

Mysticete fetus has then loses teeth

142
Q

What do mysticetes have instead of teeth?

A

filters

143
Q

How do mysticetes eat?

A

strain seawater, catch small crustaceans, small fish, squid, krill, etc.

144
Q

What are some characteristics of mysticetes?

A
  • very large bodies
  • all marine
  • have two nares (each with its own nasal plugs)
145
Q

What are the variable feeding strategies of mysticetes and give an example of each.

A
  1. Roquals (Humpack Whales) = Gulpers, throat sacks expand like an accordion
  2. Skimmers (Right and Bowhead Whales) = open mouth slightly as swim along “grazing”
  3. Bottom feeders (Grey Whale) stir up bottom and sift out water and sand
146
Q

Which have better sound production/reception, mysticetes or odontocetes?

A

odonotocetes

147
Q

Which are bigger, mysticetes or odontocetes?

A

odontocetes are generally smaller

148
Q

What is the only giant odonotocete?

A

Sperm Whale (Moby Dick)

149
Q

Mysticetes emit and are most sensitive to _______ frequency sounds

A

low

150
Q

How do odontocetes eat?

A

hunters, opportunistic feeders,. hunt cooperatively

151
Q

What is the latin name for bottlenose dolphin?

A

Tursiops truncatus (Atlantic) and T. aduncus (indian ocean)

ITALICIZED

152
Q

What is the Beluga Whale’s latin name?

A

Delphinaperterus leucas

ITALICIZED

153
Q

What is the latin name for the sperm whale?

A

Physeter catodon

ITALICIZED

154
Q

Echolocation allows odontocetes to discriminate what?

A

size, distant, content, shape, material, of targets

155
Q

What are some other perceptual motor constraints of cetaceans?

A

somatosensory can be very sensitive, tacto-acoustics, vision quite good but no fovea, no color, sensitive to motion, high contract

156
Q

True/False: Cetaceans rely on smell to find prey

A

FALSE; Olfaction absent in cetaceans but do have minimal taste receptors

157
Q

What are some examples of cetaceans’ limited body language?

A

can expose teeth/not, can tilt exposing light underside, dolphins can do aggressive S posture with body, jaw snap, wiggle when play

158
Q

True/False: The skeletal hands of cetaceans are 5 fingered.

A

TRUE

159
Q

What are examples of Great Apes?

A

human, bonobo, chimp, gorilla, orangutan

160
Q

What is an example of a lesser ape?

A

gibbon

161
Q

Baleen Whales have ____ blowhole(s)

A

2

162
Q

Odonotocetes have _____ blowhole(s)

A

1

163
Q

What are some interesting social behaviors of the humpback whale?

A
  1. social displays, like breaching

2. males produce elaborate songs that change each season (hangs down head while singing)

164
Q

What is the latin name for Pacific Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin?

A

Tursiops gilli

COGS 143 (17 decks)

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