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COGS 143 > Primate Social Complexity > Flashcards

Primate Social Complexity Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of care in primate societies?

A

grooming, co-huddling, hugging, kissing

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2
Q

What were the results of Harlow’s (1950) experiments?

A
  • primates raised in social isolation do not develop appropriate social, sexual, parenting skills
  • social experience = critical
  • depending on species, if access to social others before adulthood, may recover some abilities
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3
Q

What does the soft mom model tell us about primates?

A
  • need physical contact

- always choose cloth mother over rough one

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4
Q

What are “together-together monkeys”?

A

co-housed juveniles without moms will cling to one another when put together

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5
Q

What did the shift from solitary nocturnal Prosimians to social dirunal Anthropoids lead to?

A

feeding in groups

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6
Q

What is the impact of grouping on primate sociality?

A

offers defense against increase predator pressure, but requires developing social skills i.e. group living raises issues of food and mate competition, signals of rank, opportunities for co-op, etc.

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7
Q

What are the differences between social domain, natural domain, and physical domain as far as cognitive demand?

A

social: complex and unpredictable; agents with complex motives ; interaction changes contingencies that apply; most difficult to predict; MOST COGNITIVELY DEMANDING
physical: highly predictable i.e. gravity
natural: more difficult than physical, learn about ecology to understand

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8
Q

How does De Waal (1986) define a society?

A

power not equal to rank

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9
Q

When does rank = power?

A
  • when rank alone translates into priority of access to resources (food, mates, etc.)
  • individuals must keep track of their own dyadic relations
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10
Q

What is a consequences of when rank is not equal to power?

A
  • coalitional behavior => lower ranked individuals can work together to gain resources over one of dominant rank
  • set up opportunities for reciprocal altruism especially in unrelated animals
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11
Q

Dyadic relationships still exist in societies where rank is not equal to power, but ….

A

do not always determine outcome

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12
Q

What are examples of social complexity in Savannah (“Olive”) Baboons?

A
  • immigrant male competitive strategies change over time

- strong, young males first over aggression => develop friendships with female with whom they are likely to make

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13
Q

How do immigrant male baboons interact with infants?

A

-use kids as passport to female and buffer between male aggression

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14
Q

How do some baboons develop trut with other males?

A

grab each others testes, first tense and assymetrical, then becomes symmetrical in coalitions

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15
Q

What are some cognitive demands that result from social complexity?

A

assessing currency, debt, fairness, cheating, sanctioning, etc

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16
Q

What are the different types of cebus coalitions?

A

-male-male, female-female, male-female paris vs. conspecifics or oustiders

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17
Q

How do some cebus test the bonds of friendship?

A

-sticking finger in eye, up nosem chewing on/sucking body parts, etc

18
Q

How do the cebus coalitions influence who individuals choose?

A

support partners w/whom they have a more affiliative relations (friends)

19
Q

How does gender influence cebus coalitions?

A

males generally outrank females, but coalitions can out compete

20
Q

What are some examples of cebus coalition movements in action?

A
  • double headed displays

- alpha intervening to separate potential allies

21
Q

Who made up the triad in de Waal’s (1982) Chimpanzee Politics?

A

1 and #3 in coalition; Yeoren’s support of Luit required to maintain position

#1 Luit
#2 Niki 
#3 Yeoren
22
Q

How did Niki act in Chimpanzee politics?

A
  • Niki bothered females, while Luit defending and calming them, groomed and bonded with Yeoren
  • Niki then started doing favors for females
  • Luit broke up interactions but also needed female support
  • Niki then outright challenged Luit
23
Q

What happened after the fight with Luit and Niki in Chimpanzee Politics?

A

With Yeoren’s and the females’ support, Niki took over as alpha

24
Q

Who got the most females throughout Chimpanzee Politics?

A

Yeoren; got leftovers from both Niki and Luit

25
Q

Within bonobos, what is unique about the female sexual swellings and what is the impact on the bonobos’ sexual interactions?

A
  • sexual swellings persistent (not just during estrus)
  • lots of non reproductive sex with many different relationships i.e. G-G female rubbing, father-daughter, etc.
  • use sex to calm down “make love not war” after arguments
26
Q

What does female genital rubbing do for bonobo’s social structure?

A

establish non kin female bonds

27
Q

When Bonobo females emigrate, who must approve their acceptance into new monokin group?

A

matrons (females)

28
Q

In bonobos, which coalitions can dominate? how is this different from chimpanzees?

A
  • bonobos = female coalitions can dominate

- chimpanzees = all males dominant over females

29
Q

What are some examples of triadic (or polyadic) interactions?

A
  1. Redirected Aggression: If A aggress B, and B redirects to C- C is liable to be ally/kin to A
  2. Mediation of Reconciliation: e.g. A & B fight, C groom each until calm and A & B groom each other
  3. Intervention: e.g. A&B friendly, C breaks them up (possibly to prevent coalition)
30
Q

What is “peering”?

A

starting at the mouth while another conspecific is eating; worked when infants but as older tends to show dominance more

31
Q

What is “Social Tool Use”?

A

triadic interactions involve using a “social tool” to get what they want; user interacts with tool to influence Target

32
Q

What are the different examples of social tools?

A
  1. Buffer: e.g. A use B as shield from aggressive C
  2. Recruit e.g. A recruit B against C
  3. Passport: e.g. A nice (e.g. baby) to B to get close to (mom) C
  4. Incite: e.g. A nice to B to anger/incite investment from C
  5. Slander; e.g. Juv wants attention from mom, goes near innocent bystnder & scream, mom rescues (can be used for food too-distraction)
33
Q

What does the concept that one animal is using another for its own ends contributes to?

A

“Machiavellian Intelligence” hypothesis

34
Q

In socially complex societies, triadic interactions requires what?

A
  1. learning about own dyadic relationships

2. learning about the relationships between others

35
Q

What did the Dasser (1988) study study?

A

long tailed macaques trained on Match to Sample

36
Q

What were the results of the Dasser (1988) study?

A

shown photo of mom from subject group; had to match to her offspring vs. another offspring

First trial success of transfer to other familiar mother/offspring pairs: knows other kins relationships

37
Q

What was Seyfarth and Cheney’s (1990) experiment results?

A
  • when juvenile Vervet gives alarm, others look to its mother for confirmation
  • like Dasser experiment above, shows animals in troop know who is related to whom
38
Q

What were the results of Perry’s (2004) study on rank?

A
  • Cebus, during antagonism, select coalition partners from their friends
  • also take into consideration the relative rank of their friends to the target
39
Q

What was the procedure of the Cheney, Seyfarth, & Silk (1995) study on rank?

A
  • recorded dominant and submissive calls from all Chacma Baboon in group
  • fabricated combination of two animals’ calls (i.e. fake vocal interaction for playback tests)
40
Q

What were the results of the Cheney, Seyfarth, & Silk (1995) study?

A

When played combo of dominant call by dom animal + submissive call by subordinate, no reaction
But, when played dominant call from subordinate + submissive call from dominant, large reaction

know normal rank relations between others

41
Q

What was the impact of primates shifting from multiple to single births on their sociality?

A
  • single births require extended care (maternal, sometimes paternal)
  • care demands physical contact, infant held, carried
  • close body contact sought throughout life

COGS 143 (17 decks)

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