Midterm 1 Questions Flashcards
Are prehensile tails a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
New World
Includes Cebus: a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
NW
Are largest brains a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Old World
Are “many nocturnal” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Prosimians
Are tethered lips, restricted facial expressions a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Prosimians
Is “most dependent on smell” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Prosimians
Are longest, dependent young a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Old World
Are “includes apes” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Old World
Are “smallest brains” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Prosimians
Are “best digit mobility” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
OW
Are “most closely related to humans” a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Old World
Are “some riverine species” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
O
Are “have baleen” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
mysticeti
Are “have teeth” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
Odontoceti
Are “Includes Sperm Whale” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
Odontoceti
Are “includes Killer Whale” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
Odontoceti
Are “many are ‘grazers’” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
Mysticeti
Are “includes the largest brains” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
O
Are “includes the Blue Whale” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
M
Are wet noses a characteristic of Prosimians, New World, or Old World primates?
Prosimians
Are “includes the most primitive species” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
Odontoceti
Is “hunt individual prey, often cooperatively” a characteristic of Mysticeti or Odontoceti?
odontoceti
Which mysticete produces the most complex songs?
humpback whale
What are the implications for cognition in a creature who has ischial callosities?
With the ischial callosities, the create has butt pads and the ability to sit up and free hands to interaction with the environment around them
What diet is associated with longer gut-length and relatively smaller brains?
follivore
which Ape species is the exception to the “longer gut length and relatively smaller brains rule” and how do their food processing techniques vary from the above?
gorillas; do complex bimanual processing of otherwise difficult to access plants
Which better describes dolphin brain development at birth–altricial or precocial?
precocial
What is the prolonged dependence of the young, in both primates and cetaceans, generally considered an indicator of intelligence?
prolonged dependence of young suggest that there is longer time to develop needed to be an adult and function, more cognitive implications, more time with mother to learn
Which species has a larger sheet of, and thus more convoluted, cortex, –bottlenose dolphin –or–human?
bottlenose dolphin
How does visual cross over compare in primates vs. cetaceans?
Cetaceans have complete visual crossover. Primates have the left visual field of both eyes cross over to the right brain and the right visual field cross over to the left brain.
Compared to rodents, many of whom have dexterous hands and good vision, how does the pertinent sensory-motor coordination in primates differ?
Primates have the ability to see their hands, allowing for hand eye coordination, allowing for good motor-visual capabilities with teh world around them.
Describe where A1 (the primary projection area for audition) is located in the dolphin cortex?
A1 is located very close to the S1 and V1 on the top of the rain with sulcus after sulcus of cortical learning.
Which has larger absolute brain size
sperm whale or humpback whale?
sperm whale
Which has a larger absolute brain size
chimpanzee or cebus?
chimpanzee
Which has a larger absolute brain size
bottlenose dolphin or human
bottlenose dolphin
Who has a larger relative brain size (EQ)
bottlenose dolphin or human
human
Which has a larger relative brain size (EQ)
bottlenose dolphin or killer whale?
bottlenose dolphin
Which has a larger relative brain size (EQ)
chimpanzee or cebus
chimpanzee
Which has a larger relative brain size (EQ)
ring tailed lemur or cat?
ring-tailed lemur
Which has a larger relative brain size (EQ)
sperm whale or chimpanzee?
chimpanzee
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
cerebellum
dolphins
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
hippocampus
apes
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
olfactory bulb
apes
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
vestibular system
apes
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
corpus callosum
apes
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
amygdala
dolphins
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
inferior colliculus
dolphins
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
medulla
dolphins
Does the following tend to be larger in dolphins or apes?
superior colliculus
dolphins
In primates, what system of cells found in premotor and posterior parietal cortex, is involved in the translation between visual input and motor output?
mirror cell system: coactivation of (F5) & parietal cortex
Which two parts of a primate’s body are mapped onto the most disproportionately large areas of its somatosensory cortex?
hands and mouth, very high acuity of both regions
In cetaceans, a mammalian-atypical cortical area responds equally well to what 2 kinds of sensory stimulation?
audition, tactic
Give the types of receptors in its retina, is dolphin vision best for color and detail or motion and contrast? What part of the retina is missing in dolphins that may, in part, account
motion and contrast; fovea
List three areas of the primate (and presumably the cetacean brain) that are implicated in processing and assessing social stimuli.
- anterior cingulate cortex
- orbitofrontal cortex
- amygdala
According to the Marino reading, what brain data indicate that Odontocetes have a Dual Processing System for sound?
The brain stem is incredibly large and the cortex for odontocetes is very convoluted. Data found from studying these brain structures suggest that the brain stem is most involved with clicks and understand the broadband frequency of those clicks (echolocation) wile the cortex is responsible for making sense of clicks in some sort of higher order processing, similar to a language.
According to Ghanzafar and Santos, while looking at an image of another primate, what part of the animal does a primate examine most?
eyes
How is sleep in dolphins unique and the significant reduction of what brain structure may be responsible for this?
Dolphins have no REM sleep. One hemisphere is always awake at all times to keep them from drowning. The significant reduction of the corpus callosum is responsible for this.
What two areas of the brain do the “long distance” Von Economo cells tend to link in both primates and cetaceans?
anterior cingulate cortex and frontal insula
As described in the Pack reading, when one dolphin listens in to the echoes of another, its discrimination abilities are _________ compared to when it produces the echolocation itself.
not as good; can only match on gross features
Briefly describe how one type of information that can be carried by the relative amplitude of an echo during echolocation.
Amplitude can relate to the distance of the object that is being echolocated. Amplitude can increase as distance decreases.
the finding of the dolphin’s “ability to report whether a referenced object was present or absent in the dolphin’s tank” can be considered evidence for _____
object permanence
requires task specific selective attention to one particular feature of a stimulus
Weigl Principle
requires an inference regarding the range of possible events based on limited sensory access
invisible displacement
requires a subject to manipulate at least two objects
tertiary relations
requires a translation from one perceptual representation to another
cross modal mathing
Under what conditions do number-trained chimpanzees fail on the “Greedy Giveaway Task?”
If they are only given the pile of M &Ms and not a numerical symbol with the pile
Under what conditions do number trained chimpanzees succeed on the “Greedy Giveaway Task?”
if they are given a numerical symbol with/without the pile
Briefly describe an experiment done with dolphins that originally failed when the stimuli were not ecologically valid and how that experiment was chagned in a way that enabled them to succeed.
A MTS task was given to dolphins involving 2-D static stimuli. The researchers did not account that dolphins are best at visual motion and the dolphins failed. Once 3-D visually moving stimuli were given, the dolphins succeeded. The latter was more ecologically valid because it considered how dolphins processed information in relation to the task, suggesting real world applicability.
Explain echolocation in cetaceans.
Echolocation is initiated in the NASAL PASSAGES where vibratory structures known as RABBIT EARS or DORSAL BURSAE that are contiguous with the MELON, make plosive sputters called BURST PULSES Each of these sounds which include a WIDE range of frequencies, EXIT the dolphin’s FOREHEAD through the MELON, which acts as a kind of lens to focus the outgoing beam of sound. The lens is made of FAT which provides an impedence MATCH to seawater, so that LITTLE OF energy is lost when the sounds cross from the animal into the environment. A set of such sounds–called CLICKS–are produced in sequence to travel to and back from targets in the environment.
