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COGS 143 > Cetacean Sociality > Flashcards

Cetacean Sociality Flashcards

1
Q

Why are cetaceans so social? (broad view

A

-don’t have “home ground” => only each other

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2
Q

What is the idea behind cooperative defense?

A

Predation: 1 Shark: 1 dolphin, shark wins

1 Shark: Multi-dolphins, dolphins win

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3
Q

Give some examples of cooperative defense.

A
  1. Spinner dolphins in Hawaii under threat: tightly cluster, juveniles in the center
  2. Flower formation in Sperm Whales: heads toward young, powerful tails toward predators
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4
Q

Mysticetes are ______ (not as/are as/more) clever than odontocetes.

A

not as

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5
Q

What are examples of coalitional behavior in bottlenose dolphins?

A

trio of males have prolonged, close association => trio herds female to prevent other males from getting access

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6
Q

Within cetaceans, what group exhibits coalitional behavior?

A

long term friendly, similarly aged males

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7
Q

What are “second-order” alliances?

A

groups of trios–work together to fend off other coalitions, even tho the only one coalition in this “super coalition” ends up with access to the female

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8
Q

What are “super alliances”?

A

alliances that join with others to compete against others

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9
Q

What are the benefits of cooperative hunting?

A

cooperation enables school to control/access resources (fish school) that one animal alone could not

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10
Q

What are examples of cooperative hunting?

A
  1. bottlenose dolphins: co-op herd fish school to surface, take turns eating; co-op to drive fish on shore
  2. orca co-find and herd fish; transient orca work together to take other whales
  3. humpback whales create bubble nets to surround large schools of fish (only mysticete that feed cooperatively)
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11
Q

(true/false): when groups of trios work together to fend off other coalitions, they all get a turn with the female

A

False; only one coalition in the “super coalition” ends up with access to the female

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12
Q

do spotted dolphins have fixed coalitions like the bottle nose dolphins?

A

no. coalitions not as fixed but they have preferred associates who often work together in social and feeding situations

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13
Q

Why is there no less help in primates wth collaborative foraging?

A

different ecology; don’t really need help eating a leaf

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14
Q

What is the effect of ecological constraints on cetaceans?

A
  • affect and influence many behaviors

- setting constrains practices

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15
Q

What are the effects of ecological constraints on residential, coastal pods of orcas vs. smaller, transient orca pods?

A

resident, coastal pod = extended family units, work together to take fish, more noisy

transient=better for driving/capturing seals onshore; unite to get whales; silent when hunt (acoustically sensitive) marine mammals

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16
Q

What are the differences in behavior between coastal dolphin species (bottlenose) vs. pelagic (deep water) dolphins (spinner)?

A

coastal = more aggressive, can find each other again after fight

pelagic = must get along, if separate from group, survival threatened (parallel is polite)

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17
Q

What social structure do orcas have?

A

matriarchal, family groups

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18
Q

What is the importance of synchrony?

A
  • provides and conveys unity

- males use to impress girls and guys i.e. tandem novelty, synchronize calls

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19
Q

When and how do dolphins develop synchrony skill?

A
  • develop at birth

- infants “slipstream” besides mom to save energy

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20
Q

What are the synchronous vocalizations and actions an example of?

A

fission fusion, split up and go back together

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21
Q

How are dolphin’s gestural and facial repertoire limited?

A

through their hydrodynamic (reduced turbulence) design and minimal articulation

BUT still do some gestural/postural communication

22
Q

How do dolphins show threat?

A

display teeth, make body appear larger via “S posture”

23
Q

How do dolphins show solicitation?

A

body tilt, show bright underside, give access to genitals

24
Q

How do dolphins’ bodies make use of camouflage?

A

most species dark above, light below, camouflaged from below against sky, from above depths
-tilting taps for high contrast, motion

25
Q

How are dolphins’ eyes an example of how they communicate?

A

eyes often high contrast to body, so noticeable, likely to be signals especially at close range

26
Q

What is “disruptive coloring”?

A
  • cetaceans eyes can be osscured espeically in top predators or prey
  • i.e. orca and Commersons
27
Q

Describe dolphins’ tactile sense.

A

-high tactile sensitivity => affiliative behavior often involves contact

28
Q

What are some examples of how dolphins use contact in affiliative behavior?

A
  • rub, pet, “whet pecs”&raquo_space; like grooming in primates, calming, bonding, builds trust
  • sex = often involves prolonged forelplay of rubbing, caressing, buzzing
29
Q

(True/False): Dolphins’ sex is always reproductive.

A

False; different age and gender combinations; sex = social behavior

30
Q

When would smaller spotted dolphins win against larger bottlenose dolphins?

A

-spotted can “win” when they show postural dolphins and vocal synchrony

31
Q

What are the odontocetes’ three classes of vocalizations?

A
  1. whistles
  2. clicks
  3. burst pulses
32
Q

What is a whistle from odontocetes?

A

social; narrow-band (usually 1 freq at a time) frequency modulated

33
Q

What is an example of whistles in odontocetes?

A

spinner dolphins chorus whistles to rally whole school, resting in bay, to go hunt together

34
Q

Why are older dolphins typically better at synchronizing calls?

A

takes practice

35
Q

What are clicks?

A

for echolocation: wide band (e.g. 5-150 KHz), ultra brief, in “trains” w/gaps for returning echoes

36
Q

What are some social functions of clicks?

A
  • “eavesdrop” on one another’s echoes?
  • detect echolocation as indication that others are feeding
  • genital or fetus inspection
37
Q

How are clicks associated with tacto-acoustics?

A
  • include tickle buzz, caress, punch

- can be used to affect other dolphins

38
Q

What are burst pulses?

A

Social: highly variable, produced by dorsal Bursae like clicks, but with freq and amp modulation
-include high arousal vocalizations (screams, growlsm etc.) but some more “conversational”

39
Q

What else do cetaceans use for vocal/auditory communication besides whistles, clicks, and burst pulses?

A

percusives

40
Q

How do cetaceans use percussives?

A

breach, pec slap, tail slap, etc. against surface of water&raquo_space; loud, visible splash

41
Q

What does using percussives communicate for cetaceans?

A

provide info on location, size, arousal state, attitude, etc.

42
Q

Give a specific example of how cetaceans use percussion.

A

spinner dolphin “spin” makes distinctive percussion, indicate very high arousal

43
Q

Explain how mysticetes “sing”

A
  • Some bowhead whales are simple, few tone, repeated songs

- humback whale song-each male repeats 20+ min song with several phases

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the humpback whale song?

A
  • sung (only?) on breeding grounds, attracts females/repels (spaces out) males
  • All males in region start season with same son, all maintain same changes in song throughout season, no singing in off season but all resume same song where left off
  • changeds usually = gradual modification of existing song
45
Q

give an example of cultural transmission through humback whale song.

A

sudden appearance of E Austrailia song in W Austr shifted whole W pop to E song by 3rd season

46
Q

Why do odontocetes need “signature calls”?

A

changing water depth affects pressure in vocal anatomy, may alter voice

47
Q

How do dolphins use individual specific signature whistles?

A
  • announce self, occassionally made by others in group

- male coalitions eventually develop a “coalition whistle” that replaces individual signature

48
Q

In what social interactions do dolphins use signature whistles?

A
  • made by animals forcibly isolated from group–can get troup members matching call
  • may serve as reunion calls in mother/infant or other Fission/Fusion situations
49
Q

What are orca dialect calls?

A

burst pulse sounds specific to coalition, family, pod, kin group (Even across pods), community, etc

50
Q

What purpose do Orca dialect calls serve?

A
  • same function as dolphins’ signature whistles but not individual specific
  • orcan from different oceans housed together, learn some of each other’s calls and develop a “tanked” call
51
Q

What are the Sperm Whales “Coda”?

A

click patterns to ID matrilineal pods and community

COGS 143 (17 decks)

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