Wrong on Study Guide Flashcards
An integrated approach to psychology that incorporates three different perspectives and types of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultural.
Biopsychosocial Perspective
The process of randomly placing already chosen participants in a group for an experiment
Random assignment
the typical variance of any given score around the mean
Standard deviation
When points are packed closer together, stronger. Farther apart, weaker.
R = +/- 1. Describes the relationships between two things
Correlation on a Scatterplot
when the skew is caused by an unusually high score (to the right)
Positive skew
when the skew is caused by an unusually low score (to the left)
Negative skew
When groups make bad decisions because individual members of the group suppress their reservations in order to further the agenda of the group → not break status quo
Group think
The tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually
Group Polarization
When individuals within a group do not not put in as much effort when acting as a part of a group as they do when acting alone.
Social Loafing
Adjusting one’s behavior of thinking to coincide with a group standard. is a response—specifically, a submission—made in reaction to a request. The request may be explicit (e.g., foot-in-the-door technique) or implicit (e.g., advertising).
Compliance
An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The uncomfortable feeling/guild of doing something against your morals/attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
How we explain the behavior of others → dispositional (personality) or situational (environmental) factors
Attribution
overestimating the influence of personality and understanding the influence of situational factors when explaining other people’s behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error
Behavior through which people benefit others (Eisenberg, 1982), including helping, cooperating, comforting, sharing, and donating
Prosocial behavior
Branches on the neuron that receives messages from the other cells
Dendrite
make fake neurotransmitters
Agonists
Blocks receptor sites from receiving neurotransmitters
Atagonists
cause hallucination and warp perception
Hallucinogens
depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Opiates
an automatic response controlled solely by neural circuits in the spinal cord, often relating to posture or locomotion.
Spinal Reflex
System associated with emotion/drive → amygdala
Limbic System
the outermost layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
processing sensory input for touch body position crown of head
Pariental Lobe
heart/breathing
Medulla
parts of the brain that are not pegged for primary motor or sensory functions
Association areas
connects lefts and right hemispheres and allows communication between the two
Corpus Callosum
The critical period hypothesis or sensitive period hypothesis claims that there is an ideal time window of brain development to acquire language in a linguistically rich environment, after which further language acquisition becomes much more difficult and effortful
Critical period for speech
storytime of dream
Manifest Content
the “deeper meaning” of the dream
Latent content
we dream so we can file memories away
Information Processing theory
Length of soundwave, determines its pitch (high/low)
Frequency
It consists of two sticks, one framed by closed fins and one framed by open fins. After seeing the illusion, viewers usually estimate that the stick with two open fins is longer, even though the sticks are actually the same length.
Take-away: our brains perceive the depths of the two shafts based upon depth cues
Muller-Lyer Illusion
one of the main retinal interneurons and provides the main pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells, i.e. the shortest and most direct pathways between the input and output of visual signals in the retina.
Bipolar
the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina; collect information about the visual world from bipolar cells and amacrine cells (retinal interneurons). This information is in the form of chemical messages sensed by receptors on the ganglion cell membrane.
Ganglion
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Sensory adaptation
The minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
Just-noticeable difference (aka difference threshold)
The number of foods eaten as a young child has a strong influence on the food repertoire later in childhood. Foods eaten by parents significantly predict the number and types of foods eaten by children; Children learn to accept novel foods through a variety of experiences, provided within social contexts
The relationship between taste and human development*
An aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed and intensity; the term often is used to refer to the prevailing mood or mood pattern of a person.
Temperament
A behavioral response decrement that results from repeated stimulation and that does not involve sensory adaptation/sensory fatigue or motor fatigue
Habituation (developmental)
In which a baby/child judges if a person is able to accomplish their most basic needs
Trust v. Mistrust EE stage
Can I do things myself or must I rely on others?
Autonomy v. Doubt EE stage
Many questions, children take initiative in their own curiosity/learning
Initiative v. Guilt EE stage
First time in work we are evaluated → start to get a competence/ inferiority to others
Industry v. Inferiority EE stage
Teenagers test various roles/social identities, important to find stable send of self
Identity v. Role Confusion EE stage
Figure out work/life balance, clearer platonic/romantic relationships
Intimacy v. Isolation EE stage
Mid-life crisis, looking critically at life path, seize control
Generativity v. stagnation EE stage
Look back at life and decide level of satisfaction with accomplishments
Integrity v. Despair EE stage
parents who neglect their children
Permissive Parenting Style
The language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking
Linguistic Determinism (aka linguistic relativity)
judging a situation based on the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in their minds
Representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of events based on their availability and in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events as common
Availability heuristic
Unintentional memories that we may not even realize we have
Implicit Memory
Experiment that studied how babies or people could acquire fears or phobias through aversive conditioning
Take-away: Fears and phobias are learned and based on our environment
Everytime the baby would touch a soft animal, a loud scary ‘bang’ would sound, eventually the baby became aversive and fearful of those soft animals
Little Albert Study
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best results
Deep processing
encoding of the basic level, based on the structure/appearance of words
shallow processing
getting information into the memory system
Encoding
the process of retaining encoded information over time
Storage
the process of getting information out of memory storage
Retrieval
a representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model.
Schema
a set is a group of expectations that shape experience by making people especially sensitive to specific kinds of information
Mental Set
predisposition to perceive things in a certain way
Perceptual set
Known for findings regarding memory
How to measure learning curve, forgetting curve, and spacing effect
Herman E. findings
Disorganized speech (Clang association, nepotisms) and
Inappropriate reactions
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia has the tendency to have at least 1/10 chance of appearing in family genetics → 1/2 in twins, 1/100 in public
Thalamus activity during hallucinations
Amygdala hyperactivity during paranoia
Biological causes of Schizophrenia \
Based in freudian school of thought and examines unconscious
Psychodynamic
the study of the effects of drugs on minds/behaviors
Psychopharmacology
