Ch. 6 Flashcards
A long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
Learning
The initial stage of classical conditioning when the subject responds to the CS without the presentation of a UCS
Acquisition
The diminishing of a CR: occurs in classical conditions when the UCS does not follow a CS
Extinction
After a CR has been extinguished and no further training of the animal has taken place, the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS
Spontaneous Recovery
The tendency to respond to similar CSs
Generalization
To be able to tell the difference between various stimuli
Discrimination
Linking two or more stimuli; the first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus; developing new behaviors
Classical Conditioning
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response before conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus
An unlearned, naturally occurring response to a stimulus before conditioning
Unconditioned Response
The stimulus that elicits a response after conditioning has occurred
Conditioned Stimulus
The response shown after conditioning has occurred
Conditioned Response
Used to help a person give up a behavior or habit by having then associate it with something unpleasant
Aversive Conditioning
Utilization of CS as a US ignorer to condition a response to a new stimulus
Second-Order conditioning
A learned association between the taste of a particular food/illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness
Learned taste aversion
Learning based o the association of the consequences with one’s behaviors; Pre-existing behaviors
Operant conditioning
If the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the behavior correlation will be strengthened and the likelihood of behavior will increase: reinforcers increase behavior, punishment decreases
Law of effect
A type of learning in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened by consequences
Instrumental learning
An experimental environment that is better suited to examine the more natural flow of behavior: bird!
Skinner Box
Anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur
Reinforcer
The addition of something pleasant
Positive reinforcement
The removal of something unpleasant
Negative reinforcement
Anything that makes a behavior less likely
Punishment
Addition of something unpleasant
Postive punishment
Removal of something pleasant, omission training
Negative punishment
Reinforcers that guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior
Shaping
Involves the reinforcement of individual responses occurring in a sequence to form complex behavior
Chaining
An innately reinforcing stimulus such that satisfies a biological need; ex: food
Primary reinforcers
A stimulus that we have learned to value; ex: money
Secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that exerts a reinforcing effect because it has been associated with reinforcing stimuli
Generalized reinforcers
People earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats
Token economy
The precise rules that are used to present/remove reinforcers/punishments following a specified operant behavior: fixed ratio, variable ratio, variable interval, fixed interval
Reinforcement schedules
Rewarding behavior every time it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
Behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if the animal has not been reinforced continuously
Partial-reinforcement effect
Tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
Instinctive drift
Learning by observing others
Observational learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it
Latent learning
When one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem; Eureka!
Insight learning
