Ch. 7 Flashcards
Any indication that learning has persisted over time
Memory
Proposes that information passes through 3 stages before it is stored in the brain
Information-processing model
Explains why we remember via explaining how deeply the memory was processed/thought about
Levels of processing model
The split seconds holding tank for incoming sensory information
Sensory memory
A split-second perfect photograph of a scene
Iconic memory
We encode what is important to us
Selective attention
An equally brief memory for sound
Echoic memory
Working memory; An activated memory that hold a few items briefly, such as a phone number while calling before it is forgotten
Short-term memory
To chunk, or group, certain items together in order to rehearse it/retain it better
Chunking
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mnemonic devices
When you repeat something in order to retain in in your short-term memory or solidify it in your long term memory
Rehearsal
Permanent, unlimited storage
Long-term memory
Memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events
Episodic memory
General knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings or categories, rather than sequentially
Semantic memory
Memories of skills and how to perform them
Procedural memory
What we usually think of first; conscious memories of facts/events we actively try to remember
Explicit memory
Unintentional memories that we many not realize we have
Implicit memory
Having a very good memory, rare, being able to have enduring visual images
Eidetic/photographic memory
Getting information out of a memory so we can use it
Retrieval
The process of matching current events/fact with one already in memory
Recognition
Retrieving a memory from an external cue
Recall
Predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list
Primacy effect
Demonstrated by our ability to recall items at the end of a list
Recency effect
When recall of a list is affected by the order of the times in a list
Serial position effect
The temporary inability to remember information
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Our brain forms new memories b connecting their meaning/context to already existing memories
Semantic network theory
Powerful memories that are encoded because of the significance of the context surround the event
Flashbulb memories
The phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness
State-dependent memory
The greater likelihood of recalling an item when out mood matched the mood we were in when the event occured
Mood congruent memory
False details of a real event or a recollection of an event that never occurred due to leading questions
Relearning effect
Leaving new information interferes with older learning
Retroactive interference
Older information learned previously prevents recall of newer information
Proactive interference
The inability to encode new memories due to hippocampus damage, but can recall past skills/memories
Anterograde amnesia
Connected to long term memory; through repeated firings, the connection between neurons is strengthened/becomes more sensitive
Long-term potentiation
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language
Phonemes
The smallest unit in a language that carries meaning
Mophemes
The way words are spoken/written in a particular order
Syntax
The steps taken to develop language: babbling, holophrastic, two-word/telegraphic
Language acquisition
The misapplication of grammar rules during the telegraphic stage
Overgeneralization
The ability to learn language rapidly children
Language acquisition device
Theory that language we use might control, and may limit, our thinking
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
What we think is the most typical example of a particular concept
Prototypes
Mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world
Images
A rule that guarantees the right solution by using a form to other foolproof method
Algorithm
A rule of thumb; A rule that is generally true that we can use to make a judgement in a situation
Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of events based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in their mind
Representative heuristic
Our tendency not to change out beliefs in face of contradictory evidence
Belief bias/belief perseverance
Inability to see a new use for an object
Functional fixedness
A tendency to search for information that supports one’s preconceptions and ignore/distort contradictory evidence
Confirmation bias
Narrowing the available problem solution to determine the single best one
Convergent thinking
The ability to consider many different options and to think in novel ways
Divergent thinking
Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that comes to mind initially
Availability heuristic
