Ch. 14 Flashcards
An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
The theory that speculates how we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
Attribution Theory
Overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of situations when explaining other people’s behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error
A set of beliefs and feelings
Attitude
A form of persuasion that utilizes logic, reason, and evaluation
Central Route Persuasion
A form of persuasion that appeals to people’s emotion
Peripheral Route Persuasion
A compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request
Foot-in-the-Door
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Conformity
The tendency for the presence of other people to have a negative impact on the performance of a difficult task
Social Impairment
When the presence of others improves one’s performance of an easy task
Social Facilitation
When individuals within a group do not not put in as much effort when acting as a part of a group as they do when acting alone.
Social loafing
The loss of self-restraint when group members feel anonymous
Deindividuation
The tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually
Group Polarization
The tendency for people to make bad decisions in order to maintain harmony, peace-keeping or the group’s agenda.
Groupthink
Rules about how group members should act and what roles that should play.
Group Norms
An undeserved, usually negative, attitude towards a group of people.
Prejudice
When the ideas/expectations about a group influence the way we interact with the member of said group
Stereotypes
Unjustifiable behavior toward a group based on prejudice
Discrimination
The tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups
Outgroup homogeneity
People’s belief that they themselves are good people and therefore group members are also good.
Ingroup Bias
The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Just-World Phenomenon
The hypothesis that the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely.
Frustration-Aggression Principle
An effect that states that the more someone is exposed to something, the more they will come to like it.
Mere Exposure Effect
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Self-Disclosure
The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
Bystander Effect
People tend to think that when someone does something nice for them, they ought to do something nice in return.
Norms of Reciprocity
A persuasion method in which the individual begins by making a large request that most likely will be turned down. After this large initial request is denied, the person makes a more reasonable request that is now more likely to be granted.
Door in the Face
Culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than group membership
Collectivist Culture
A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.
Individualistic Culture
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
False-Consensus Effect
The tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones
Self-Serving Bias
Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group.
Ethnocentrism
The larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one feels to help
Diffusion of Responsibility
When people decide what constitutes as appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others.
Pluralistic Ignorance
Social psychologists study what factors increase the chance that people will like one another (similarity, proximity, and reciprocal liking)
Attraction Research
The goals that require the cooperation of two or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups.
Superordinate Goals
A participants willingness to do someone in a position of authority asks you to do.
Obedience
