Ch. 9 Flashcards
Study of how out behaviors and thoughts change overtime over the course of our entire lives
Developmental psychologists
Genetic factors vs. environmental factors and how much in influences us
Nature v. Nurture
Uses participants of different age groups to compare certain variables. Quick; however, has confounding variables
Cross-sectional research
Examines one group of participants over time or during various intervals of their lives. Has precise measurements; however, long time
Longitudinal research
Certain chemicals/agents that can harm if ingested or contracted by mother during pregnancy
Teratogens
Children of alcoholic mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain stimuli such as rooting, sucking, grasping, moro, and babinski
Newborn reflexes
The reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child. Affects development.
Attachment
Psychologist who raised baby monkeys with wire/soft mothers to determine if food or comfort creates attachment. The takeaway was the physical contact fosters attachment
Harry Harlow
Psychologist who placed babies in a new environment and challenged the baby to respond to situations such as the parent leaving, a stranger entering, the stranger comforting baby and parent returning.
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
Babies would confidently explore area in new environment or strange situation. Cry upon caregiver leaving and be comforted upon return. Babies raised this way tend to be more emotionally stable in adulthood.
Secure attachments
Babies would explore environment in strange situation. Cry upon parents leaving and resist comfort when they return. Babies tend to be less stable when raised this way.
Insecure avoidant attachments
Babies would explore environment in strange situation reluctantly. They have extreme stress upon parent’s leave and resist comfort in defiance/anger upon return. Babies raised this way tend to trust less and feel insecure in adulthood.
Insecure anxious attachments
Parenting style in which strict standards for children’s behavior are set and punishments are applied for violations of these rules
Authoritarian Parents
Parenting style in which no clear guidelines are set and rules/punishments lack consistency
Permissive parents
Parenting style in which consistent standards are set for child’s behavior and punishments are applies; however, standards are reasonable and explained
Authoritative Parents
Psychoanalytic theory by Neo-Fruedian who believed personality was influenced by our experiences with others
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory
Stage 1 of EE. Infants look for trust/stability in their world through those who can satisfy their needs. Results: + confidence/secure, - inability to trust
Trust v. Mistrust
Stage 2 of EE. In which children look for control over one’s own body/emotions and to establish independence.
Results: + independent, secure in abilities, - feelings of inadequacy
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
Stage 3 of EE. Children take initiative in their own curiosity and learning; great need to understand.
Results: + comfort expressing curiosity/making decisions, - feel ashamed of questioning
Initiative v. Guilt
Stage 4 of EE. Elementary school centered, first time work we produce is evaluated. Start to get competence/inferiority compared to others.
Results: + confident in achievement ability, - doubtful in abilities
Industry v. Inferiority
Stage 5 of EE. The exploration of various roles/social identities. Important to find stable sense of self before moving onto next stage.
Results: + more independence and sees oneself as unique/valuable, - confusion/self doubt
Identity v. Role confusion
Stage 6 of EE. Establishment of want/needs of stable relationships and finding work/life balance.
Results: + Gains capacity for love/balanced life, - isolation, time is inadequately divided
Intimacy v. Isolation
Stage 7 of EE. Examination of life path. May seize control to ensure everything is going as planned.
Results: + concern for family/society in general, - concern only for self/one’s own wellbeing or prosperity
Generativity v. Stagnation
Stage 8 of EE. In which we look back on our lives and decide the level of satisfaction with accomplishments.
Results: + Can offer wisdom/insight, - despair over lost opportunities
Integrity v. Despair
Theory regarding how children through the world though experiences into existing schemata.
Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory
Cognitive rules to interpret the world
Schemata
Incorporation of our experiences into existing schemata. Ex: Charlie sees four legged creature and confirms that four legged creatures are dogs.
Assimilation
When information violates existing schemata and therefore it must change or alter. Ex: Mrs. Groustra points out the four-legged creature is a cat, making Charlie change his schemata to fit the new information
Accomodation
Stage 1 of PJ. In which babies experience/explore the world through their sense. Behavior governed by reflects and initial cognitive schemata.
Sensorimotor stage
When babies of not realize that objects continue to exist when they are out of sensory range
Object Permanance
Stage 2 of PJ. The utilization of symbols to represent real-world objects, beginning of language, limits thoughts regarding relationships between objects and their characteristics.
Pre-operational Stage
The inability to look at the world from anyone else’s perception but one’s own
Egocenteric
Stage 3 of PJ. In which logical though about complex relationships between characteristics of objects. Math problems.
Concrete Operations
Realization that properties of objects remain the same even when shapes change.
Concepts of conservation
Stage 4 of PJ. Adult reasoning/abstract thought. The manipulation of objects without physically seeing them or having real-world correlation
Formal operations
The ability to think about the way we think
Metacognition
The ability to reason about ethical situation change over the course of our lives. Heinz experiment.
Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral developmental theory
Making decisions to avoid punishment, limited to how the choice would affect oneself. Typically found in younger audiences. Ex: Heinz should no steal because he would be in jail
Pre-conventional stage
Making decisions based on the perceptions or expectations of others. Ex: Heinz should steal the drug because he will be seen as a hero and save his wife
Conventional stage
Making decisions by looking at the rights/values of both sides. Moral reasoning. Questions societal standards rather than blindly following them. Ex: Heinz should steal the drug because her life matters more than the CEO’s property.
Post-conventional Stage
