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Biology > Written Exam #4 > Flashcards

Written Exam #4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Upper chest, behind the sternum

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2
Q

What is lymph made of?

A

White blood cells and chyle

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3
Q

What does bone marrow do in the lymphatic system?

A

Produces blood cells

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4
Q

What pumps lymph throughout the body?

A

Pressure from muscle action and respiratory movement

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5
Q

What parts of the body are most lymph nodes located in?

A

The neck, armpits, and groin

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6
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

To filter substances that travel through lymphatic fluid, and hold white blood cells

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7
Q

What is an example of active immunity?

A

Gaining resistance to an ailment because you have been exposed to it before

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8
Q

What is an example of passive immunity?

A

Receiving antibodies as a baby through your mother’s breastmilk

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9
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Help the body fight infection

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10
Q

What happens in your immune system when you get a vaccine?

A

Your immune response learns what the disease is and how to fight it later on

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11
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes disease

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12
Q

How do leukocytes protect against disease?

A

By killing and digesting pathogens

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13
Q

Why are there different types of lymphocytes, and what do they do?

A

T cells focus on specific foreign particles while B cells create antibodies

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14
Q

What are surface barriers against pathogens and what do they do?

A

They are physical barriers to block pathogens from entering the body, like skin and mucous membranes

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15
Q

Where are T cells made?

A

In bone marrow

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16
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the thymus

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17
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that causes the immune system to make antibodies against it

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18
Q

What are memory cells and what do they do?

A

Immune cells which recognize pathogens that have entered the body before to mount a better response against them

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19
Q

How many layers of the skin are there?

A

3

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20
Q

What is the top layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis

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21
Q

What is the middle layer of the skin?

A

The dermis

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22
Q

What is the deepest layer of the skin?

A

The hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of membranes that cover the human body?

A

Epithelial and connective tissue membranes

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24
Q

What is subcutaneous tissue?

A

Also known as the hypodermis, the deepest layer of skin in the human body

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25
Q

Where is melanin produced?

A

Melanocytes

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26
Q

What are 4 accessory organs of the skin?

A

Hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

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27
Q

What body structure is responsible for goosebumps?

A

Arrector pili muscles

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28
Q

What are the 4 organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra

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29
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Cleanse the blood of toxins and turn waste into urine

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30
Q

What connects the kidney to the bladder?

A

The ureter

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31
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

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32
Q

What is normally in urine?

A

Water, urea, creatine, uric acid, and others

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33
Q

What is NOT normally in urine?

A

Blood cells, albumin, and glucose

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34
Q

What is the outermost layer of the kidney called?

A

The renal cortex

35
Q

What is the triangle-like structure in the kidney called?

A

Medulla

36
Q

What is the center of the kidney called?

A

Renal pelvis

37
Q

What is the tube leading out of the kidney called?

A

The ureter

38
Q

What is the thin top tube in the kidney called?

A

The renal artery

39
Q

What is the thick bottom tube in the kidney called?

A

The renal vein

40
Q

What are the proximal and distal tubules separated by?

A

The loop of Henle

41
Q

What part of the kidney is urine stored in?

A

The renal pelvis

42
Q

Stop and go do a nephron labelling exercise!

A

Complete

43
Q

What does the endocrine system release?

A

Hormones

44
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

A

It controls the functions of many other endocrine glands

45
Q

What endocrine gland is important in regulating blood sugar?

A

The pancreas

46
Q

What endocrine gland is important in dealing with stress?

A

The adrenal glands

47
Q

Where are androgens produced?

A

Primarily the adrenal glands, as well as testicles and ovaries

48
Q

What glands are responsible for regulating blood calcium levels?

A

The parathyroid and thyroid glands

49
Q

Where are estrogen and progesterone produced?

A

The ovaries

50
Q

Which gland releases the body’s major metabolic hormones?

A

Adrenal gland

51
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

52
Q

What stimulates the release of cortisol?

A

The pituitary gland producing adrenocorticotropic hormone

53
Q

What 2 hormones are responsible for the fight-or-flight response?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

54
Q

What hormone stimulates the testes to produce sperm or follicles to develop in a female?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

55
Q

What is the major function of the reproductive system?

A

Produce sperm and egg cells

56
Q

What is the release of an egg from the ovary called?

A

Ovulation

57
Q

Where does the embryo develop into a baby?

A

The uterus

58
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

The fallopian tube

59
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

60
Q

What are 2 functions of the fallopian tubes?

A

Transport oocytes and be a space for fertilization

61
Q

What are the 3 male sex organs?

A

Penis, scrotum, and testicles

62
Q

What is the passageway for both sperm and urine?

A

The urethra

63
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

The epididymis

64
Q

What hormone is produced in the testes?

A

Testosterone

65
Q

What is the purpose of fluid secreted by the prostate gland?

A

Nourish and help transport sperm

66
Q

Stop! Go do a male reproductive system labeling exercise

A

Completed

67
Q

Stop! Go do a female reproductive system labeling exercise

A

Completed

68
Q

The luteal phase corresponds to what phase of the uterine cycle?

A

The secretory phase

69
Q

What is a fertilized egg called?

A

A zygote

70
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Transport, store, and mature sperm cells

71
Q

What gland is the size of a pea and weighs half a gram?

A

The pituitary gland

72
Q

How does the egg move towards the uterus?

A

Cillia moves it

73
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autosomal cells?

A

Somatic refers to a type of cell, autosomal refers to a type of chromosome

74
Q

What types of cells go through meiosis?

A

Reproductive cells

75
Q

What types of cells go through mitosis?

A

Practically all of them

76
Q

Are gametes haploid (1n) or diploid (2n)?

A

Haploid

77
Q

What hormone is responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth?

A

Oxytocin

78
Q

What do parathyroid hormones do?

A

Maintain balance of calcium in the bloodstream

79
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Decreases blood calcium levels

80
Q

How many cells are produced by mitosis, and are they identical to the parent cell?

A

2, and they are identical

81
Q

How many cells are produced by meiosis, and are they identical to the parent cell?

A

4, and they are not identical

82
Q

How many chromosomes are in a cell produced by mitosis?

A

46 each

83
Q

How many chromosomes are in a cell produced by meiosis?

A

23 each

84
Q

What does 1n or 2n mean, and how many chromosomes is that?

A

It refers to haploid or diploid. 1n is 23 and 2n is 46 chromosomes

Biology (22 decks)

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