Written Exam #4 Flashcards
Where is the thymus located?
Upper chest, behind the sternum
What is lymph made of?
White blood cells and chyle
What does bone marrow do in the lymphatic system?
Produces blood cells
What pumps lymph throughout the body?
Pressure from muscle action and respiratory movement
What parts of the body are most lymph nodes located in?
The neck, armpits, and groin
What is the function of lymph nodes?
To filter substances that travel through lymphatic fluid, and hold white blood cells
What is an example of active immunity?
Gaining resistance to an ailment because you have been exposed to it before
What is an example of passive immunity?
Receiving antibodies as a baby through your mother’s breastmilk
What is the function of white blood cells?
Help the body fight infection
What happens in your immune system when you get a vaccine?
Your immune response learns what the disease is and how to fight it later on
What is a pathogen?
An organism that causes disease
How do leukocytes protect against disease?
By killing and digesting pathogens
Why are there different types of lymphocytes, and what do they do?
T cells focus on specific foreign particles while B cells create antibodies
What are surface barriers against pathogens and what do they do?
They are physical barriers to block pathogens from entering the body, like skin and mucous membranes
Where are T cells made?
In bone marrow
Where do T cells mature?
In the thymus
What is an antigen?
A substance that causes the immune system to make antibodies against it
What are memory cells and what do they do?
Immune cells which recognize pathogens that have entered the body before to mount a better response against them
How many layers of the skin are there?
3
What is the top layer of the skin?
Epidermis
What is the middle layer of the skin?
The dermis
What is the deepest layer of the skin?
The hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue
What are the 2 types of membranes that cover the human body?
Epithelial and connective tissue membranes
What is subcutaneous tissue?
Also known as the hypodermis, the deepest layer of skin in the human body
Where is melanin produced?
Melanocytes
What are 4 accessory organs of the skin?
Hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
What body structure is responsible for goosebumps?
Arrector pili muscles
What are the 4 organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra
What is the function of the kidneys?
Cleanse the blood of toxins and turn waste into urine
What connects the kidney to the bladder?
The ureter
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
Nephrons
What is normally in urine?
Water, urea, creatine, uric acid, and others
What is NOT normally in urine?
Blood cells, albumin, and glucose
What is the outermost layer of the kidney called?
The renal cortex
What is the triangle-like structure in the kidney called?
Medulla
What is the center of the kidney called?
Renal pelvis
What is the tube leading out of the kidney called?
The ureter
What is the thin top tube in the kidney called?
The renal artery
What is the thick bottom tube in the kidney called?
The renal vein
What are the proximal and distal tubules separated by?
The loop of Henle
What part of the kidney is urine stored in?
The renal pelvis
Stop and go do a nephron labelling exercise!
Complete
What does the endocrine system release?
Hormones
Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?
It controls the functions of many other endocrine glands
What endocrine gland is important in regulating blood sugar?
The pancreas
What endocrine gland is important in dealing with stress?
The adrenal glands
Where are androgens produced?
Primarily the adrenal glands, as well as testicles and ovaries
What glands are responsible for regulating blood calcium levels?
The parathyroid and thyroid glands
Where are estrogen and progesterone produced?
The ovaries
Which gland releases the body’s major metabolic hormones?
Adrenal gland
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete?
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
What stimulates the release of cortisol?
The pituitary gland producing adrenocorticotropic hormone
What 2 hormones are responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What hormone stimulates the testes to produce sperm or follicles to develop in a female?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
What is the major function of the reproductive system?
Produce sperm and egg cells
What is the release of an egg from the ovary called?
Ovulation
Where does the embryo develop into a baby?
The uterus
Where does fertilization take place?
The fallopian tube
What 2 hormones are produced by the ovaries?
Estrogen and progesterone
What are 2 functions of the fallopian tubes?
Transport oocytes and be a space for fertilization
What are the 3 male sex organs?
Penis, scrotum, and testicles
What is the passageway for both sperm and urine?
The urethra
Where do sperm mature?
The epididymis
What hormone is produced in the testes?
Testosterone
What is the purpose of fluid secreted by the prostate gland?
Nourish and help transport sperm
Stop! Go do a male reproductive system labeling exercise
Completed
Stop! Go do a female reproductive system labeling exercise
Completed
The luteal phase corresponds to what phase of the uterine cycle?
The secretory phase
What is a fertilized egg called?
A zygote
What is the function of the epididymis?
Transport, store, and mature sperm cells
What gland is the size of a pea and weighs half a gram?
The pituitary gland
How does the egg move towards the uterus?
Cillia moves it
What is the difference between somatic and autosomal cells?
Somatic refers to a type of cell, autosomal refers to a type of chromosome
What types of cells go through meiosis?
Reproductive cells
What types of cells go through mitosis?
Practically all of them
Are gametes haploid (1n) or diploid (2n)?
Haploid
What hormone is responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth?
Oxytocin
What do parathyroid hormones do?
Maintain balance of calcium in the bloodstream
What does calcitonin do?
Decreases blood calcium levels
How many cells are produced by mitosis, and are they identical to the parent cell?
2, and they are identical
How many cells are produced by meiosis, and are they identical to the parent cell?
4, and they are not identical
How many chromosomes are in a cell produced by mitosis?
46 each
How many chromosomes are in a cell produced by meiosis?
23 each
What does 1n or 2n mean, and how many chromosomes is that?
It refers to haploid or diploid. 1n is 23 and 2n is 46 chromosomes
