Chem Intro Flashcards
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass
What is energy?
The ability to do work
What is work?
Changing the form of position of matter
What are the 3 states matter can exist as?
Solid, liquid, or gas
What is the difference between different states of matter?
The speed of particles and the distance between them
What is an element?
A naturally occurring building block of matter
What is matter composed of?
Atoms
What elements are responsible for life?
SPONCH - Sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen
What are organic molecules? What do they form?
Molecules containing 2 or more bonds between carbon and hydrogen. These form all living things
What are atoms made of?
Subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is atomic mass?
The total number of protons and neutrons
What is the charge of a proton?
+1
What is the charge of a neutron?
0
What is the charge of an electron?
-1
Where is a proton located?
The nucleus
Where is a neutron located?
The nucleus
Where is an electron located?
The orbitals
What is the mass of a proton?
1 amu
What is the mass of a neutron?
1 amu
What is the mass of an electron?
0 amu
The forces generated by attraction and repulsion get smaller when?
When the distance increases
The forces generated by attraction and repulsion get larger when?
When the number of charges increases
Like charges…
Repel
Opposite charges…
Attract
When is an atom most stable?
When the innermost shell has 2 electrons, and then if the next shell(s) have all 8 electrons
How many electrons can every shell hold?
2 for the innermost, 8 for every subsequent one
What is the smaller number of a periodic table square representing?
The atomic number
What is the larger number of a periodic table square representing?
The atomic mass
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons
In an electrically neutral atom, how can you find the number of electrons?
It will be equal to the number of protons
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element, with the same number of protons, but different mass and number of neutrons
What determines the identity of an element?
The atomic number, or number of protons
What is a molecule?
A chemical unit formed when 2 or more atoms are bound together during a chemical reaction
Why do atoms form bonds?
To get a full outer shell and be more stable
What is the most important requirement for a bond to form?
Electron compatibility
What are the 2 basic types of bonds?
Ionic and covalent
What is an ionic bond?
Atoms give up/take in electrons to get a full outer shell
When an atom LOSES an electron, does it become negative or positive?
Positive
When an atom GAINS an electron, does it become negative or positive?
Negative
What is a cation?
Any positive ion
What is an anion?
Any negative ion
What is a covalent bond?
When atoms share electrons
What is a polar bond?
In a covalent bond, when electrons are not shared equally between the participating atoms. One end is slightly positive, the other is slightly negative
What is a non-polar bond?
In a covalent bond, when the electrons are shared equally with every atom in the bond
What type of bond are water molecules?
Polar (and covalent)
What is a hydrogen bond?
An attraction between molecules resulting from opposite areas of partial charge
From strongest to weakest, list the types of chemical bonds
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen
Intramolecular bonds include…
Ionic and covalent bonds
Intermolecular bonds include…
Hydrogen bonds
What are acids?
Substances that release hydrogen ions and take up hydroxide ions (More H+, less OH-)
What are bases?
Substances that release hydroxide ions and take up hydrogen ions (Less H+, more OH-)
What is a buffer?
A substance that minimizes changes in pH by soaking up excess H+ and OH- ions
