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Biology > Chem Intro > Flashcards

Chem Intro Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work

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3
Q

What is work?

A

Changing the form of position of matter

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4
Q

What are the 3 states matter can exist as?

A

Solid, liquid, or gas

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5
Q

What is the difference between different states of matter?

A

The speed of particles and the distance between them

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6
Q

What is an element?

A

A naturally occurring building block of matter

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7
Q

What is matter composed of?

A

Atoms

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8
Q

What elements are responsible for life?

A

SPONCH - Sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen

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9
Q

What are organic molecules? What do they form?

A

Molecules containing 2 or more bonds between carbon and hydrogen. These form all living things

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10
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons

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11
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

+1

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13
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

0

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14
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

-1

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15
Q

Where is a proton located?

A

The nucleus

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16
Q

Where is a neutron located?

A

The nucleus

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17
Q

Where is an electron located?

A

The orbitals

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18
Q

What is the mass of a proton?

A

1 amu

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19
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

1 amu

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20
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

0 amu

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21
Q

The forces generated by attraction and repulsion get smaller when?

A

When the distance increases

22
Q

The forces generated by attraction and repulsion get larger when?

A

When the number of charges increases

23
Q

Like charges…

A

Repel

24
Q

Opposite charges…

A

Attract

25
Q

When is an atom most stable?

A

When the innermost shell has 2 electrons, and then if the next shell(s) have all 8 electrons

26
Q

How many electrons can every shell hold?

A

2 for the innermost, 8 for every subsequent one

27
Q

What is the smaller number of a periodic table square representing?

A

The atomic number

28
Q

What is the larger number of a periodic table square representing?

A

The atomic mass

29
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons

30
Q

In an electrically neutral atom, how can you find the number of electrons?

A

It will be equal to the number of protons

31
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element, with the same number of protons, but different mass and number of neutrons

32
Q

What determines the identity of an element?

A

The atomic number, or number of protons

33
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A chemical unit formed when 2 or more atoms are bound together during a chemical reaction

34
Q

Why do atoms form bonds?

A

To get a full outer shell and be more stable

35
Q

What is the most important requirement for a bond to form?

A

Electron compatibility

36
Q

What are the 2 basic types of bonds?

A

Ionic and covalent

37
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Atoms give up/take in electrons to get a full outer shell

38
Q

When an atom LOSES an electron, does it become negative or positive?

A

Positive

39
Q

When an atom GAINS an electron, does it become negative or positive?

A

Negative

40
Q

What is a cation?

A

Any positive ion

41
Q

What is an anion?

A

Any negative ion

42
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When atoms share electrons

43
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

In a covalent bond, when electrons are not shared equally between the participating atoms. One end is slightly positive, the other is slightly negative

44
Q

What is a non-polar bond?

A

In a covalent bond, when the electrons are shared equally with every atom in the bond

45
Q

What type of bond are water molecules?

A

Polar (and covalent)

46
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

An attraction between molecules resulting from opposite areas of partial charge

47
Q

From strongest to weakest, list the types of chemical bonds

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

48
Q

Intramolecular bonds include…

A

Ionic and covalent bonds

49
Q

Intermolecular bonds include…

A

Hydrogen bonds

50
Q

What are acids?

A

Substances that release hydrogen ions and take up hydroxide ions (More H+, less OH-)

51
Q

What are bases?

A

Substances that release hydroxide ions and take up hydrogen ions (Less H+, more OH-)

52
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that minimizes changes in pH by soaking up excess H+ and OH- ions

Biology (22 decks)

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