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Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The body’s ability to maintain a relative constancy of its internal environment is called

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Blood clotting

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3
Q

The atomic number of an element is

A

The number of protons

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4
Q

The mass number of an element is defined as

A

Protons + neutrons

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5
Q

Isotopes of the same element differ in

A

Neutrons

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6
Q

What is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of that element called?

A

Atom

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7
Q

Atoms in this bond share electrons

A

Covalent

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8
Q

A pH of 2 is

A

Acidic

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9
Q

A compound is organic if it has

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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10
Q

What makes proteins?

A

Amino acid

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11
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

DNA is made from which macromolecule?

A

Nucleic acids

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13
Q

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called

A

Osmosis

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14
Q

What are similar cells that work together to perform a common function called?

A

Tissues

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15
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

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16
Q

Which part of the brain controls movement, posture, balance, and coordination?

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

What is the lipid covering on axons called?

A

Myelin sheath

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18
Q

Bone recycling allows the body to regulate what?

A

Calcium

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19
Q

Yellow bone marrow stores

A

Fat

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20
Q

Which is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone?

A

Hyoid

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21
Q

True or false: the sternum is part of the appendicular skeleton

A

False

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22
Q

True or false: bones continue to be remodeled throughout a lifetime

A

True

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23
Q

What are the spaces in living spongy bone filled with?

A

Red bone marrow

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24
Q

What are mature bone cells called?

A

Osteocytes

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25
Q

How are muscles attached to bone?

A

Tendons

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26
Q

What is a bundle of muscle fibers called?

A

Fasicle

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27
Q

What enzyme acts on starch?

A

Amylase

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28
Q

What serves as an emulsifying agent for fats?

A

Bile

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29
Q

Which organ makes the bile?

A

Liver

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30
Q

What organ stores and concentrates the bile?

A

Gallbladder

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31
Q

What is the name of the skeletal muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

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32
Q

Which respiratory structure has walls reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage?

A

Trachea

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33
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

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34
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

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35
Q

Which valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid

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36
Q

From which chamber of the heart does blood leave to go to the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

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37
Q

What is the name of the thick, membranous sac that surrounds and protects the heart?

A

Pericardium

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38
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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39
Q

Which chamber pumps the blood to the body through the systemic circuit?

A

Left ventricle

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40
Q

What are red blood cells called?

A

Erythrocytes

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41
Q

Which blood cells are responsible for coagulation?

A

Platelets

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42
Q

What is the molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen and is the pigment responsible for the red coloration?

A

Hemoglobin

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43
Q

What is the most abundant component of plasma?

A

Water

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44
Q

What are the agranular leukocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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45
Q

What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Ureter

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46
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

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47
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

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48
Q

A- blood means…

A

B antibodies and A antigens

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49
Q

What is not a barrier to the entry of a pathogen?

A

Fever

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50
Q

What is part of the 3rd line of defense?

A

Antibodies

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51
Q

What is the function of B-cells in immunity?

A

Produce antibodies

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52
Q

What is the function of memory lymphocytes?

A

Fight future occurrences of the same infection

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53
Q

What is the first responder and most numerous type of white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

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54
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

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55
Q

Which organ filters the blood and gets rid of old/damaged blood cells?

A

Spleen

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56
Q

What type of gland produces oil for lubrication of skin and hair?

A

Sebaceous gland

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57
Q

What is a part of the female reproductive system that is not present in pairs?

A

Uterus

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58
Q

After meiosis, how many chromosomes are found in each gamete?

A

23

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59
Q

What do the XY sex chromosomes represent?

A

Male

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60
Q

True or false: ovulation occurs on day 1 of the uterine cycle

A

False, it starts around day 14

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61
Q

Which hormone will be secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high?

A

Insulin

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62
Q

Antigens and antibodies help determine blood type how?

A

Antigens are your letter, antibodies is the letter not present

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63
Q

What acidity is a pH of 7?

A

Neutral

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64
Q

What acidity is a pH of 7+?

A

Basic

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65
Q

What acidity is a pH of 7-?

A

Acidic

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66
Q

Do acidic pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?

A

More H+

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67
Q

Do neutral pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?

A

It is equal to OH-

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68
Q

Do basic pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?

A

Less H+

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69
Q

Where on an atom are electrons found?

A

Outside of the nucleus

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70
Q

Where on an atom are neutrons found?

A

Inside the nucleus

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71
Q

Where on an atom are protons found?

A

Inside the nucleus

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72
Q

Where is the nucleus of an atom located?

A

In the core

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73
Q

What are the 4 elements of life?

A

Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

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74
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

75
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide

76
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

Fatty acid and glycerol

77
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids

78
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotide

79
Q

Function of carbs?

A

Quick short-term energy and source of dietary fiber

80
Q

Function of lipids?

A

Long-term energy, makes up membranes

81
Q

Function of proteins?

A

Cell structure, chemical signals, and reactions

82
Q

Function of nucleic acid?

A

Store and pass on genetic information

83
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All biological organisms are made of cells, the unit of life, and all life is from preexisting life

84
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

85
Q

What would a hypertonic solution look like?

A

Shriveled cells, with the outside having a higher concentration

86
Q

What would an isotonic solution look like?

A

Normal cells, with the outside having the same concentration

87
Q

What would a hypotonic solution look like?

A

Bursting cells, with the outside having a lower concentration

88
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The transportation of substances across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration

89
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

An area inside the nucleus made of RNA and proteins, where ribosomes are made

90
Q

What are the 7 levels of life in order?

A

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

91
Q

What 2 layers of the levels of life are non-living?

A

Atoms and molecules

92
Q

4 basic tissue types?

A

Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue

93
Q

What is an example of connective tissue?

A

Bone, blood, and lymph

94
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue?

A

Skin and internal organ linings

95
Q

What is an example of muscle tissue?

A

Striated and smooth muscle

96
Q

What is an example of nervous tissue?

A

Nerve cells/neurons

97
Q

Stop! Do a body cavity labelling exercise

A

Completed

98
Q

General function of the nervous system?

A

Control homeostasis, move body, communication between body parts

99
Q

General function of the endocrine system?

A

Produce hormones for homeostasis

100
Q

General function of the skeletal system?

A

Framework for body, help it move, store minerals, protect organs

101
Q

General function of the muscular system?

A

Regulate body temperature, move bones, heart, and hollow organs

102
Q

General function of the digestive system?

A

Break down food and absorb nutrients

103
Q

General function of the respiratory system?

A

Oxygen into body and carbon dioxide out, regulates blood pH

104
Q

General function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport oxygen and nutrients to body tissues, move carbon dioxide and nitrogen out. Regulate fluid balance and body temp

105
Q

General function of the urinary system?

A

FIlter blood, remove nitrogen-containing wastes, regulate blood pH and volume

106
Q

General function of the immune system?

A

Protect against pathogens

107
Q

General function of the lymphatic system?

A

Protect against pathogens, absorb and transport fats, maintain fluid balance

108
Q

General function of the integumentary system?

A

Protect body from outside world, regulate blood temp, eliminate metabolic waste

109
Q

General function of the reproductive system?

A

Produce offspring

110
Q

What are the 4 anatomical regions of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

111
Q

What part of the brain controls the senses, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine movement?

A

Cerebrum

112
Q

What part of the brain controls breathing, heart rate, body temperature, sleep, digestion, and swallowing?

A

Brainstem

113
Q

Stop! Do an axon labelling exercise

A

Completed

114
Q

What are the 3 membranes that cushion the brain and spinal cord, in order from innermost to outermost?

A

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater

115
Q

What are the 5 steps of a reflex arc in order?

A

Receptors > sensory neuron > spinal cord > motor neuron > muscles

116
Q

Stop! Do a long bone labelling exercise

A

Completed

117
Q

What are 4 structures of the axial skeleton?

A

Head, thorax, sternum, and vertebral column

118
Q

What are 4 structures of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral limbs, pelvic limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

119
Q

What are 2 bones of the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula

120
Q

What are 3 bones of the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubic bone

121
Q

What is the role of calcium in the skeletal system?

A

Provide the skeleton with strength, maintain and build bone mass

122
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated?

A

Yes

123
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

Attached to the skeleton

124
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary?

A

Yes

125
Q

Is smooth muscle striated?

A

No

126
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

The walls of internal organs

127
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary?

A

No

128
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated?

A

Yes

129
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located?

A

The walls of the heart

130
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary?

A

No

131
Q

What gives us energy for muscle contraction?

A

ATP

132
Q

Stop! Do a sarcomere labelling exercise

A

Completed

133
Q

What happens to actin and myosin when a muscle contracts?

A

Myosin moves to the middle, pulling actin towards the center, making the sarcomere shorten and contract

134
Q

What accessory organs release secretions into the small intestine?

A

The gallbladder and pancreas

135
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine, from top to bottom?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

136
Q

What enzyme breaks down fats?

A

Lipase

137
Q

What emulsifies fats?

A

Bile

138
Q

Where do most nutrients of the digestive system get absorbed?

A

The small intestine

139
Q

What is the name for muscular contractions that push food through your digestive system?

A

Peristalsis

140
Q

What order does food follow through the digestive system?

A

Mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > rectum > anus

141
Q

Stop! Do a respiratory system labelling exercise

A

Completed

142
Q

In what order does air travel through the body?

A

Nasal/oral cavity > pharynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

143
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Cover the trachea while swallowing so food doesn’t enter the lungs

144
Q

What happens to air pressure in the diaphragm when you inhale?

A

Diaphragm pressure decreases

145
Q

What happens to air pressure in the diaphragm when you exhale?

A

Diaphragm pressure increases

146
Q

What are the 2 main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart, and blood vessels

147
Q

What are veins and what do they do?

A

Medium sized vessels that bring blood to the heart

148
Q

What are arteries and what do they do?

A

Large vessels that bring blood away from the heart

149
Q

What are capillaries and what do they do?

A

Small vessels that transport blood and nutrients and oxygen to cells

150
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Prevent backwards flow of blood

151
Q

What is the name of the membrane that covers the heart?

A

Pericardium

152
Q

What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?

A

The sinus node

153
Q

Stop! Do a heart labelling exercise

A

Completed

154
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The pressure in arteries during a contraction

155
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure in arteries when the heart relaxes

156
Q

What are the 3 formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (thrombocytes)

157
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A

Transport gases and nutrients throughout the body

158
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A

Protect the body from infection

159
Q

What are the granular leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

160
Q

Stop! Do a kidney labelling exercise

A

Completed

161
Q

What is normal to find in urine?

A

Water, urea, and creatine

162
Q

What is not normal to find in urine?

A

Blood cells, glucose, and albumin

163
Q

What are the 3 steps in formation of urine in order?

A

Glomerular filtration > reabsorption > secretion

164
Q

Stop! Do a nephron labelling exercise

A

Completed

165
Q

If a well clots, what does it mean?

A

That thing is present

166
Q

Who can receive blood from who?

A

Only if you match up with letters, and negative can only receive negative

167
Q

Stop! Do a lymphatic system labelling exercise

A

Completed

168
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin in order from topmost to deepest?

A

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

169
Q

What are the general components of the F reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

170
Q

What is the pathway of sperm?

A

Epididymis > vas deferens > spermatic cord > ureter > prostate > urethra

171
Q

What part of the male reproductive system is also a part of the urinary system?

A

Urethra

172
Q

What makes fluid for semen?

A

Seminal vesicles and the prostate gland

173
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg cell

174
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A mature reproductive cell

175
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

46

176
Q

What gender is XX chromosomes?

A

Female

177
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

Fallopian tubes

178
Q

What is the external genital organs of a female?

A

The vulva

179
Q

What hormones are responsible for fight or flight?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

180
Q

What part of the body does growth hormone most affect?

A

Bones and muscles

181
Q

What part of the body does prolactin most affect?

A

Breasts

182
Q

What part of the body does follicle stimulating hormone most affect?

A

Ovaries and testicles

183
Q

What part of the body does antidiuretic hormone most affect?

A

Kidneys

184
Q

Stop! Do an endocrine system labelling exercise

A

Completed

Biology (22 decks)

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