Final Exam Flashcards
The body’s ability to maintain a relative constancy of its internal environment is called
Homeostasis
What is an example of positive feedback?
Blood clotting
The atomic number of an element is
The number of protons
The mass number of an element is defined as
Protons + neutrons
Isotopes of the same element differ in
Neutrons
What is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of that element called?
Atom
Atoms in this bond share electrons
Covalent
A pH of 2 is
Acidic
A compound is organic if it has
Carbon and hydrogen
What makes proteins?
Amino acid
Where does cellular respiration occur?
Mitochondria
DNA is made from which macromolecule?
Nucleic acids
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called
Osmosis
What are similar cells that work together to perform a common function called?
Tissues
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
Central and peripheral
Which part of the brain controls movement, posture, balance, and coordination?
Cerebellum
What is the lipid covering on axons called?
Myelin sheath
Bone recycling allows the body to regulate what?
Calcium
Yellow bone marrow stores
Fat
Which is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone?
Hyoid
True or false: the sternum is part of the appendicular skeleton
False
True or false: bones continue to be remodeled throughout a lifetime
True
What are the spaces in living spongy bone filled with?
Red bone marrow
What are mature bone cells called?
Osteocytes
How are muscles attached to bone?
Tendons
What is a bundle of muscle fibers called?
Fasicle
What enzyme acts on starch?
Amylase
What serves as an emulsifying agent for fats?
Bile
Which organ makes the bile?
Liver
What organ stores and concentrates the bile?
Gallbladder
What is the name of the skeletal muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
Which respiratory structure has walls reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage?
Trachea
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli
What are the upper chambers of the heart called?
Atria
Which valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid
From which chamber of the heart does blood leave to go to the lungs?
Right ventricle
What is the name of the thick, membranous sac that surrounds and protects the heart?
Pericardium
What carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
Which chamber pumps the blood to the body through the systemic circuit?
Left ventricle
What are red blood cells called?
Erythrocytes
Which blood cells are responsible for coagulation?
Platelets
What is the molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen and is the pigment responsible for the red coloration?
Hemoglobin
What is the most abundant component of plasma?
Water
What are the agranular leukocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureter
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
Nephrons
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+
A- blood means…
B antibodies and A antigens
What is not a barrier to the entry of a pathogen?
Fever
What is part of the 3rd line of defense?
Antibodies
What is the function of B-cells in immunity?
Produce antibodies
What is the function of memory lymphocytes?
Fight future occurrences of the same infection
What is the first responder and most numerous type of white blood cell?
Neutrophils
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
Which organ filters the blood and gets rid of old/damaged blood cells?
Spleen
What type of gland produces oil for lubrication of skin and hair?
Sebaceous gland
What is a part of the female reproductive system that is not present in pairs?
Uterus
After meiosis, how many chromosomes are found in each gamete?
23
What do the XY sex chromosomes represent?
Male
True or false: ovulation occurs on day 1 of the uterine cycle
False, it starts around day 14
Which hormone will be secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high?
Insulin
Antigens and antibodies help determine blood type how?
Antigens are your letter, antibodies is the letter not present
What acidity is a pH of 7?
Neutral
What acidity is a pH of 7+?
Basic
What acidity is a pH of 7-?
Acidic
Do acidic pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?
More H+
Do neutral pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?
It is equal to OH-
Do basic pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?
Less H+
Where on an atom are electrons found?
Outside of the nucleus
Where on an atom are neutrons found?
Inside the nucleus
Where on an atom are protons found?
Inside the nucleus
Where is the nucleus of an atom located?
In the core
What are the 4 elements of life?
Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
What are the 4 macromolecules of life?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide
What is the monomer of lipids?
Fatty acid and glycerol
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
Function of carbs?
Quick short-term energy and source of dietary fiber
Function of lipids?
Long-term energy, makes up membranes
Function of proteins?
Cell structure, chemical signals, and reactions
Function of nucleic acid?
Store and pass on genetic information
What is cell theory?
All biological organisms are made of cells, the unit of life, and all life is from preexisting life
What is the role of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
What would a hypertonic solution look like?
Shriveled cells, with the outside having a higher concentration
What would an isotonic solution look like?
Normal cells, with the outside having the same concentration
What would a hypotonic solution look like?
Bursting cells, with the outside having a lower concentration
What is facilitated diffusion?
The transportation of substances across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
What is the nucleolus?
An area inside the nucleus made of RNA and proteins, where ribosomes are made
What are the 7 levels of life in order?
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
What 2 layers of the levels of life are non-living?
Atoms and molecules
4 basic tissue types?
Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue
What is an example of connective tissue?
Bone, blood, and lymph
What is an example of epithelial tissue?
Skin and internal organ linings
What is an example of muscle tissue?
Striated and smooth muscle
What is an example of nervous tissue?
Nerve cells/neurons
Stop! Do a body cavity labelling exercise
Completed
General function of the nervous system?
Control homeostasis, move body, communication between body parts
General function of the endocrine system?
Produce hormones for homeostasis
General function of the skeletal system?
Framework for body, help it move, store minerals, protect organs
General function of the muscular system?
Regulate body temperature, move bones, heart, and hollow organs
General function of the digestive system?
Break down food and absorb nutrients
General function of the respiratory system?
Oxygen into body and carbon dioxide out, regulates blood pH
General function of the cardiovascular system?
Transport oxygen and nutrients to body tissues, move carbon dioxide and nitrogen out. Regulate fluid balance and body temp
General function of the urinary system?
FIlter blood, remove nitrogen-containing wastes, regulate blood pH and volume
General function of the immune system?
Protect against pathogens
General function of the lymphatic system?
Protect against pathogens, absorb and transport fats, maintain fluid balance
General function of the integumentary system?
Protect body from outside world, regulate blood temp, eliminate metabolic waste
General function of the reproductive system?
Produce offspring
What are the 4 anatomical regions of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
What part of the brain controls the senses, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine movement?
Cerebrum
What part of the brain controls breathing, heart rate, body temperature, sleep, digestion, and swallowing?
Brainstem
Stop! Do an axon labelling exercise
Completed
What are the 3 membranes that cushion the brain and spinal cord, in order from innermost to outermost?
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater
What are the 5 steps of a reflex arc in order?
Receptors > sensory neuron > spinal cord > motor neuron > muscles
Stop! Do a long bone labelling exercise
Completed
What are 4 structures of the axial skeleton?
Head, thorax, sternum, and vertebral column
What are 4 structures of the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral limbs, pelvic limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
What are 2 bones of the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
What are 3 bones of the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, ischium, and pubic bone
What is the role of calcium in the skeletal system?
Provide the skeleton with strength, maintain and build bone mass
Is skeletal muscle striated?
Yes
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Attached to the skeleton
Is skeletal muscle voluntary?
Yes
Is smooth muscle striated?
No
Where is smooth muscle located?
The walls of internal organs
Is smooth muscle voluntary?
No
Is cardiac muscle striated?
Yes
Where is cardiac muscle located?
The walls of the heart
Is cardiac muscle voluntary?
No
What gives us energy for muscle contraction?
ATP
Stop! Do a sarcomere labelling exercise
Completed
What happens to actin and myosin when a muscle contracts?
Myosin moves to the middle, pulling actin towards the center, making the sarcomere shorten and contract
What accessory organs release secretions into the small intestine?
The gallbladder and pancreas
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine, from top to bottom?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
What enzyme breaks down fats?
Lipase
What emulsifies fats?
Bile
Where do most nutrients of the digestive system get absorbed?
The small intestine
What is the name for muscular contractions that push food through your digestive system?
Peristalsis
What order does food follow through the digestive system?
Mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > rectum > anus
Stop! Do a respiratory system labelling exercise
Completed
In what order does air travel through the body?
Nasal/oral cavity > pharynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
What does the epiglottis do?
Cover the trachea while swallowing so food doesn’t enter the lungs
What happens to air pressure in the diaphragm when you inhale?
Diaphragm pressure decreases
What happens to air pressure in the diaphragm when you exhale?
Diaphragm pressure increases
What are the 2 main components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart, and blood vessels
What are veins and what do they do?
Medium sized vessels that bring blood to the heart
What are arteries and what do they do?
Large vessels that bring blood away from the heart
What are capillaries and what do they do?
Small vessels that transport blood and nutrients and oxygen to cells
What is the function of valves?
Prevent backwards flow of blood
What is the name of the membrane that covers the heart?
Pericardium
What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?
The sinus node
Stop! Do a heart labelling exercise
Completed
What is systolic pressure?
The pressure in arteries during a contraction
What is diastolic pressure?
The pressure in arteries when the heart relaxes
What are the 3 formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (thrombocytes)
What do erythrocytes do?
Transport gases and nutrients throughout the body
What do leukocytes do?
Protect the body from infection
What are the granular leukocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Stop! Do a kidney labelling exercise
Completed
What is normal to find in urine?
Water, urea, and creatine
What is not normal to find in urine?
Blood cells, glucose, and albumin
What are the 3 steps in formation of urine in order?
Glomerular filtration > reabsorption > secretion
Stop! Do a nephron labelling exercise
Completed
If a well clots, what does it mean?
That thing is present
Who can receive blood from who?
Only if you match up with letters, and negative can only receive negative
Stop! Do a lymphatic system labelling exercise
Completed
What are the 3 layers of skin in order from topmost to deepest?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
What are the general components of the F reproductive system?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
What is the pathway of sperm?
Epididymis > vas deferens > spermatic cord > ureter > prostate > urethra
What part of the male reproductive system is also a part of the urinary system?
Urethra
What makes fluid for semen?
Seminal vesicles and the prostate gland
What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg cell
What is a gamete?
A mature reproductive cell
How many chromosomes does a zygote have?
46
What gender is XX chromosomes?
Female
Where does fertilization take place?
Fallopian tubes
What is the external genital organs of a female?
The vulva
What hormones are responsible for fight or flight?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What part of the body does growth hormone most affect?
Bones and muscles
What part of the body does prolactin most affect?
Breasts
What part of the body does follicle stimulating hormone most affect?
Ovaries and testicles
What part of the body does antidiuretic hormone most affect?
Kidneys
Stop! Do an endocrine system labelling exercise
Completed
