Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
The body’s ability to maintain a relative constancy of its internal environment is called
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
What is an example of positive feedback?
A
Blood clotting
3
Q
The atomic number of an element is
A
The number of protons
4
Q
The mass number of an element is defined as
A
Protons + neutrons
5
Q
Isotopes of the same element differ in
A
Neutrons
6
Q
What is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of that element called?
A
Atom
7
Q
Atoms in this bond share electrons
A
Covalent
8
Q
A pH of 2 is
A
Acidic
9
Q
A compound is organic if it has
A
Carbon and hydrogen
10
Q
What makes proteins?
A
Amino acid
11
Q
Where does cellular respiration occur?
A
Mitochondria
12
Q
DNA is made from which macromolecule?
A
Nucleic acids
13
Q
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called
A
Osmosis
14
Q
What are similar cells that work together to perform a common function called?
A
Tissues
15
Q
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
A
Central and peripheral
16
Q
Which part of the brain controls movement, posture, balance, and coordination?
A
Cerebellum
17
Q
What is the lipid covering on axons called?
A
Myelin sheath
18
Q
Bone recycling allows the body to regulate what?
A
Calcium
19
Q
Yellow bone marrow stores
A
Fat
20
Q
Which is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone?
A
Hyoid
21
Q
True or false: the sternum is part of the appendicular skeleton
A
False
22
Q
True or false: bones continue to be remodeled throughout a lifetime
A
True
23
Q
What are the spaces in living spongy bone filled with?
A
Red bone marrow
24
Q
What are mature bone cells called?
A
Osteocytes
25
How are muscles attached to bone?
Tendons
26
What is a bundle of muscle fibers called?
Fasicle
27
What enzyme acts on starch?
Amylase
28
What serves as an emulsifying agent for fats?
Bile
29
Which organ makes the bile?
Liver
30
What organ stores and concentrates the bile?
Gallbladder
31
What is the name of the skeletal muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
32
Which respiratory structure has walls reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage?
Trachea
33
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli
34
What are the upper chambers of the heart called?
Atria
35
Which valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid
36
From which chamber of the heart does blood leave to go to the lungs?
Right ventricle
37
What is the name of the thick, membranous sac that surrounds and protects the heart?
Pericardium
38
What carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
39
Which chamber pumps the blood to the body through the systemic circuit?
Left ventricle
40
What are red blood cells called?
Erythrocytes
41
Which blood cells are responsible for coagulation?
Platelets
42
What is the molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen and is the pigment responsible for the red coloration?
Hemoglobin
43
What is the most abundant component of plasma?
Water
44
What are the agranular leukocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
45
What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureter
46
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
Nephrons
47
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+
48
A- blood means...
B antibodies and A antigens
49
What is not a barrier to the entry of a pathogen?
Fever
50
What is part of the 3rd line of defense?
Antibodies
51
What is the function of B-cells in immunity?
Produce antibodies
52
What is the function of memory lymphocytes?
Fight future occurrences of the same infection
53
What is the first responder and most numerous type of white blood cell?
Neutrophils
54
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
55
Which organ filters the blood and gets rid of old/damaged blood cells?
Spleen
56
What type of gland produces oil for lubrication of skin and hair?
Sebaceous gland
57
What is a part of the female reproductive system that is not present in pairs?
Uterus
58
After meiosis, how many chromosomes are found in each gamete?
23
59
What do the XY sex chromosomes represent?
Male
60
True or false: ovulation occurs on day 1 of the uterine cycle
False, it starts around day 14
61
Which hormone will be secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high?
Insulin
62
Antigens and antibodies help determine blood type how?
Antigens are your letter, antibodies is the letter not present
63
What acidity is a pH of 7?
Neutral
64
What acidity is a pH of 7+?
Basic
65
What acidity is a pH of 7-?
Acidic
66
Do acidic pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?
More H+
67
Do neutral pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?
It is equal to OH-
68
Do basic pHs have more or less H+ than OH-?
Less H+
69
Where on an atom are electrons found?
Outside of the nucleus
70
Where on an atom are neutrons found?
Inside the nucleus
71
Where on an atom are protons found?
Inside the nucleus
72
Where is the nucleus of an atom located?
In the core
73
What are the 4 elements of life?
Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
74
What are the 4 macromolecules of life?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
75
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide
76
What is the monomer of lipids?
Fatty acid and glycerol
77
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
78
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
79
Function of carbs?
Quick short-term energy and source of dietary fiber
80
Function of lipids?
Long-term energy, makes up membranes
81
Function of proteins?
Cell structure, chemical signals, and reactions
82
Function of nucleic acid?
Store and pass on genetic information
83
What is cell theory?
All biological organisms are made of cells, the unit of life, and all life is from preexisting life
84
What is the role of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
85
What would a hypertonic solution look like?
Shriveled cells, with the outside having a higher concentration
86
What would an isotonic solution look like?
Normal cells, with the outside having the same concentration
87
What would a hypotonic solution look like?
Bursting cells, with the outside having a lower concentration
88
What is facilitated diffusion?
The transportation of substances across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
89
What is the nucleolus?
An area inside the nucleus made of RNA and proteins, where ribosomes are made
90
What are the 7 levels of life in order?
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
91
What 2 layers of the levels of life are non-living?
Atoms and molecules
92
4 basic tissue types?
Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue
93
What is an example of connective tissue?
Bone, blood, and lymph
94
What is an example of epithelial tissue?
Skin and internal organ linings
95
What is an example of muscle tissue?
Striated and smooth muscle
96
What is an example of nervous tissue?
Nerve cells/neurons
97
Stop! Do a body cavity labelling exercise
Completed
98
General function of the nervous system?
Control homeostasis, move body, communication between body parts
99
General function of the endocrine system?
Produce hormones for homeostasis
100
General function of the skeletal system?
Framework for body, help it move, store minerals, protect organs
101
General function of the muscular system?
Regulate body temperature, move bones, heart, and hollow organs
102
General function of the digestive system?
Break down food and absorb nutrients
103
General function of the respiratory system?
Oxygen into body and carbon dioxide out, regulates blood pH
104
General function of the cardiovascular system?
Transport oxygen and nutrients to body tissues, move carbon dioxide and nitrogen out. Regulate fluid balance and body temp
105
General function of the urinary system?
FIlter blood, remove nitrogen-containing wastes, regulate blood pH and volume
106
General function of the immune system?
Protect against pathogens
107
General function of the lymphatic system?
Protect against pathogens, absorb and transport fats, maintain fluid balance
108
General function of the integumentary system?
Protect body from outside world, regulate blood temp, eliminate metabolic waste
109
General function of the reproductive system?
Produce offspring
110
What are the 4 anatomical regions of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
111
What part of the brain controls the senses, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine movement?
Cerebrum
112
What part of the brain controls breathing, heart rate, body temperature, sleep, digestion, and swallowing?
Brainstem
113
Stop! Do an axon labelling exercise
Completed
114
What are the 3 membranes that cushion the brain and spinal cord, in order from innermost to outermost?
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater
115
What are the 5 steps of a reflex arc in order?
Receptors > sensory neuron > spinal cord > motor neuron > muscles
116
Stop! Do a long bone labelling exercise
Completed
117
What are 4 structures of the axial skeleton?
Head, thorax, sternum, and vertebral column
118
What are 4 structures of the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral limbs, pelvic limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
119
What are 2 bones of the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
120
What are 3 bones of the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, ischium, and pubic bone
121
What is the role of calcium in the skeletal system?
Provide the skeleton with strength, maintain and build bone mass
122
Is skeletal muscle striated?
Yes
123
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Attached to the skeleton
124
Is skeletal muscle voluntary?
Yes
125
Is smooth muscle striated?
No
126
Where is smooth muscle located?
The walls of internal organs
127
Is smooth muscle voluntary?
No
128
Is cardiac muscle striated?
Yes
129
Where is cardiac muscle located?
The walls of the heart
130
Is cardiac muscle voluntary?
No
131
What gives us energy for muscle contraction?
ATP
132
Stop! Do a sarcomere labelling exercise
Completed
133
What happens to actin and myosin when a muscle contracts?
Myosin moves to the middle, pulling actin towards the center, making the sarcomere shorten and contract
134
What accessory organs release secretions into the small intestine?
The gallbladder and pancreas
135
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine, from top to bottom?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
136
What enzyme breaks down fats?
Lipase
137
What emulsifies fats?
Bile
138
Where do most nutrients of the digestive system get absorbed?
The small intestine
139
What is the name for muscular contractions that push food through your digestive system?
Peristalsis
140
What order does food follow through the digestive system?
Mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > rectum > anus
141
Stop! Do a respiratory system labelling exercise
Completed
142
In what order does air travel through the body?
Nasal/oral cavity > pharynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
143
What does the epiglottis do?
Cover the trachea while swallowing so food doesn't enter the lungs
144
What happens to air pressure in the diaphragm when you inhale?
Diaphragm pressure decreases
145
What happens to air pressure in the diaphragm when you exhale?
Diaphragm pressure increases
146
What are the 2 main components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart, and blood vessels
147
What are veins and what do they do?
Medium sized vessels that bring blood to the heart
148
What are arteries and what do they do?
Large vessels that bring blood away from the heart
149
What are capillaries and what do they do?
Small vessels that transport blood and nutrients and oxygen to cells
150
What is the function of valves?
Prevent backwards flow of blood
151
What is the name of the membrane that covers the heart?
Pericardium
152
What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?
The sinus node
153
Stop! Do a heart labelling exercise
Completed
154
What is systolic pressure?
The pressure in arteries during a contraction
155
What is diastolic pressure?
The pressure in arteries when the heart relaxes
156
What are the 3 formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (thrombocytes)
157
What do erythrocytes do?
Transport gases and nutrients throughout the body
158
What do leukocytes do?
Protect the body from infection
159
What are the granular leukocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
160
Stop! Do a kidney labelling exercise
Completed
161
What is normal to find in urine?
Water, urea, and creatine
162
What is not normal to find in urine?
Blood cells, glucose, and albumin
163
What are the 3 steps in formation of urine in order?
Glomerular filtration > reabsorption > secretion
164
Stop! Do a nephron labelling exercise
Completed
165
If a well clots, what does it mean?
That thing is present
166
Who can receive blood from who?
Only if you match up with letters, and negative can only receive negative
167
Stop! Do a lymphatic system labelling exercise
Completed
168
What are the 3 layers of skin in order from topmost to deepest?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
169
What are the general components of the F reproductive system?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
170
What is the pathway of sperm?
Epididymis > vas deferens > spermatic cord > ureter > prostate > urethra
171
What part of the male reproductive system is also a part of the urinary system?
Urethra
172
What makes fluid for semen?
Seminal vesicles and the prostate gland
173
What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg cell
174
What is a gamete?
A mature reproductive cell
175
How many chromosomes does a zygote have?
46
176
What gender is XX chromosomes?
Female
177
Where does fertilization take place?
Fallopian tubes
178
What is the external genital organs of a female?
The vulva
179
What hormones are responsible for fight or flight?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
180
What part of the body does growth hormone most affect?
Bones and muscles
181
What part of the body does prolactin most affect?
Breasts
182
What part of the body does follicle stimulating hormone most affect?
Ovaries and testicles
183
What part of the body does antidiuretic hormone most affect?
Kidneys
184
Stop! Do an endocrine system labelling exercise
Completed
