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Locomotion > Wound healing and repair > Flashcards

Wound healing and repair Flashcards

1
Q

What are parenchyma?

A

organ specific cells related to the function of the tissue

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2
Q

What would be the parenchyma of the kdineys?

A

Epithelial tissue (renal tubes)

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3
Q

What would be the parenchyma of the heart?

A

Muscle tissue (cardiac muscle cells)

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4
Q

What are stromal cells?

A

Stromal cells are connective tissue cells of any organ. They are cells that support the function of the parenchymal cells of that organ.
Provides the structure, mechanical and nutritional support to the organ

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5
Q

What types of connective tissue do joint capsules, tendons and ligaments have?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue – dense woven network of collagen and fibers in a viscous matrix

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6
Q

What types of connective tissue do haemopoietic and lymphatic tissue have?

A

Loose connective tissue – contains numerous cells, loose fiber arrangement in a viscous matrix

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7
Q

What is the parenchyma of fibrous connective tissue?

A

Tenocytes

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8
Q

What is a wound?

A

Injury/ trauma to tissues

Disruption of the function and structure of tissue

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9
Q

What is healing?

A

Process of returning to health

Restoration of structure and function of injured/diseased tissues

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10
Q

What are the main stages of Wound healing?

A

Haemostasis, Inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling

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11
Q

How long is each stage of wound healing?

A

Haemostasis <24hrs
Inflammatory 0-4 days
proliferative 1 - 14 days
remodelling 21 days - years

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12
Q

During which phase of wound healing, does angiogenesis occur?

A

Proliferative phase - angiogenesis, epithelialisation, contraction and fibrous tissue formation.

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13
Q

During which phase of wound healing, do platelets, macrophages and neutrophils come in?

A

Inflammatory phase - control bleeding, prevent infection, inflammation

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14
Q

How does the haemostasis phase work?

A

Wound closed by clotting (coagulation process)
Platelets and fibrin adhere to site
Formation of a thrombus

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15
Q

What happens during the remodelling process of wound healing?

A

Maturation phase
Collagen is remodeled and becomes re-aligned
Injured sites tend to be weaker than normal sites (80% tensile strength)

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16
Q

How does a tissue heal if there is a mild, superficial injury?

A

regeneration

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17
Q

How does a tissue heal if there is a severe injury?

A

Scar formation

18
Q

What are labile tissue? give examples.

A

continuously proliferating in order to replace dead or sloughed-off cells
Skin, gastrointestinal, salivary glad tissue

19
Q

What are stable tissue? give examples.

A

cells that normally exist in a non-dividing state but may enter the cell cycle in response to certain stimuli, such as cell injury
Parenchymal cells of the liver, kidney and pancreas

20
Q

What are permanent tissue? give examples.

A

non-dividing cells, leads to scar formation

cardiac and skeletal

21
Q

Name the growth factors mainly involved in regeneration.

A

VEGF, PDGJ, TGF-beta

22
Q

What are growth factors in regeneration, mainly produced by?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes - as part of inflammatory process.
Parenchymal and stomal cells - produce growth factors in response to injury.

23
Q

What is the function of VEGF?

A

Angiogenesis

24
Q

Does angiogenesis involve sprouting of new vessels from existing ones? and what are pericytes?

A

Angiogenesis involves sprouting of new vessels from existing ones – involves Endothelial cell proliferation and migration

Promoted by VEGF

Critical in the site the site of injury – development of collateral circulations at sites if ischemia

25
Q

Formation of granulation tissue is derived from which growth factors?

A

Derived by growth factors TGF-β, PDGF and FGF

26
Q

How does laying down of tissue occur on the scar?

A

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts into the site of injury
Deposition of ECM proteins

27
Q

Why does Connective tissue in the scar continues to be modified and remodeled?

A

Improve the tensile strength of the wound

28
Q

What does the outcome of remodelling depend on?

A

a balance between synthesis and degradation of ECM proteins

29
Q

What degrades collagen and other ECM components?

A

MMPs - matrixmetalloproteinases

30
Q

Is healing of a surgical incision, a first or second intention?

A

first intention
The incision causes only focal disruption of epithelial basement membrane continuity and death of relatively few epithelial and connective tissue cells

31
Q

What happens within 24 hours of healing by first intention?

A

The narrow incisional space first fills with fibrin-clotted blood (scab)
Within 24 hours, neutrophils are seen at the incision margin, migrating toward the fibrin clot (acute inflammation)

32
Q

What happens within 24 to 48 hours of healing by first intention?

A

Within 24 to 48 hours, epithelial cells from both edges have begun to migrate and proliferate along the dermis

33
Q

What happens by day 3- 7 of healing by first intention?

A

By day 3-7, neutrophils have been largely replaced by macrophages, and angiogenesis reach its peak. Granulation tissue progressively invades the incision space

34
Q

What happens by the second week of healing by first intention?

A

During the second week, there is continued collagen accumulation and fibroblast proliferation (Scar maturation)

35
Q

What is an example of healing by second intention?

A

Examples: large wounds at sites of abscess formation, ulceration, and infarction
The repair process is more complex and involves development of abundant granulation tissue, with accumulation of ECM and formation of a large scar
Scar formation is followed by wound contraction mediated by the action of myofibroblasts

36
Q

What are some of the factors of healing by first intention?

A

Clean, generally uninfected, margins surgically clean, easy to suture, little granulation tissue, not many complications and linear scars

37
Q

What are some factors of healing by second intention?

A

Unclean, infection chances, irregular wound area, impossible to close, lots of granulation tissue, complications, irregular scars

38
Q

What are some factors affecting tissue repair?

A

Infection, nutrition, poor perfusion, mechanical variables, type and extent of tissue injury

39
Q

What are the complications of tissue repair?

A

Excessive healing or formation

Formation of a contracture

40
Q

What type of complications of tissue repair would: dehiscence, evisceration and ulceration be part of?

A

Inadequate formation

41
Q

What type of complications of tissue repair would: keloids formation (excess collagen) and exuberant granulation tissue be part of?

A

excessive formation

42
Q

What are contractures?

A

fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, fascia, muscle, or a joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

Locomotion (26 decks)

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