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Locomotion > Injuries to bones and joints of lower limb > Flashcards

Injuries to bones and joints of lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a fracture?

A

A breach of the integrity of part or the whole of a bone.

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2
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Partial separation of the articular surfaces of the joint

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3
Q

What is dislocation?

A

Complete separation of the articular surfaces of a joint.

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4
Q

In what cases could a dislocation occur spontaneously?

A

A congenital dislocation could occur in a baby at the hip joint.

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5
Q

What is a fracture dislocation?

A

A dislocation where there is also a fracture involving one or more of the articular surfaces of a joint.

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6
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Stretching of the joint capsule and ligaments of a joint., insufficient to produce subluxation or dislocation.

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of fracture formation?

A

Strength of the bone and degree of force/stress put on it.

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8
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones. It results in bones that break easily. The severity may be mild to severe. Due to mutations in the collage type 1 coding genes.

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of a fracture and what are the 3 special cardinal symptoms?

A

Pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising

Cardinal factors - DEFORMITY, CREPITUS, ABNORMAL MOVEMENT

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10
Q

What are all muscle compartments covered in?

A

Fascial layer

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11
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

painful condition that occurs when pressure within the muscles builds to dangerous levels. This pressure can decrease blood flow, which prevents nourishment and oxygen from reaching nerve and muscle cells.

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12
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A

A fracture in which a bone is sticking through the skin. Also known as an open ‘fracture.
From within
From without (bone comes out of hole)

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13
Q

What are the three types of fracture unions?

A

Delayed union - longer than expected
Non-union - Does not unite (alcoholics)
Mal-union - joins in the wrong alignment

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14
Q

What techniques can you use to diagnose a fracture?

A 
History and Examination
X-ray
CAT scan (computerised axial tomography)
MRI scan (soft tissue and vascular)
Ultrasound
Bone scan - vascularity
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15
Q

What can happen as a result of pelvic fractures?

A

Blood loss
Nerve Injury
Abdominal Injury

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16
Q

What body part (organ) is most commonly injured as a result of pelvic fractures?

A

Bladder, urethra and sacral plexus

Bowel is not really affected

17
Q

What is an open book fracture?

A

Pubic symphisis is disrupted - metal plate would be needed to hold surfaces together

18
Q

What is an intra-articular fracture?

A

An intraarticular fracture is a bone fracture in which the break crosses into the surface of a joint. This always results in damage to the cartilage.

19
Q

What are the two types of intra-capsular fractures?

A

Subcapital and transcervical (inside joint capsule)

20
Q

What is an extra-capsular fracture?

A

Outside a joint capsule

21
Q

What do we have to be careful of from a intracapsular fracture?

A

Avascular necrosis

22
Q

The younger the patient, the greater or lesser the risk of avascular necrosis?

A

Greater risk to blood supply and therefore AVN. As the force needed to break it is higher.

23
Q

What is chondrolysis?

A

Chondrolysis refers to the process of breakdown of cartilage. Cartilage of joint is abruptly lost.

24
Q

What time period must you treat a intracapsular fracture within?

A

6 hours - risk of AVN

25
Q

What can be used to keep the leg still if its broken?

A

Thomas splint

26
Q

What is an intramedullary nail?

A

is a metal rod forced into the medullary cavity of a bone. IM nails have long been used to treat fractures of long bones of the body.

27
Q

What can happen as a result of tibial plateau fracture?

A

Lateral and medical menisci can be damaged/popliteal artery damage

28
Q

What can cause the rotation of the femur on a fixed tibia?

A

Football (due to shoes - immobilise tibia) and kneeling down (plumber)?

29
Q

What can cause a tibial shaft fracture? and how can you treat it?

A

Direct trauma or rotational strain

External/internal immobilisation

30
Q

What is an os calcis fracture?

A

Heel bone fracture (subtalar joint inury) - intra articular

31
Q

What can be used to test the rupture of the achilles tendon?

A

Simmond’s test - squeeze calf, if foot plantarflexes (positive)

32
Q

What are the two types of treatment for an achilles tendon rupture?

A

Conservative and operative

33
Q

What is lisfranc’s injury?

A

is an injury of the foot in which one or more of the metatarsal bones are displaced from the tarsus.

Locomotion (26 decks)

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